04148nam 2200601 a 450 991045429960332120200520144314.01-282-07418-0978661207418981-224-2638-7(CKB)1000000000750493(EBL)3017375(SSID)ssj0000672293(PQKBManifestationID)11459786(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000672293(PQKBWorkID)10634514(PQKB)11502264(MiAaPQ)EBC3017375(Au-PeEL)EBL3017375(CaPaEBR)ebr10318746(CaONFJC)MIL207418(OCoLC)923652138(EXLCZ)99100000000075049320091006d2007 uy 0engurcn|||||||||txtccrEconomics of biotechnology[electronic resource] /T.V.S. Ramamohan RaoNew Delhi New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishersc20071 online resource (198 p.)Description based upon print version of record.81-224-2003-6 Includes bibliographical references and index.""Cover ""; ""Preface ""; ""Contents ""; ""Chapter 1 Introduction ""; ""1.1 Changing Technology ""; ""1.2 Modern Biotechnology ""; ""1.3 Organizational Issues ""; ""1.4 Patents and IPR's ""; ""1.5 Market Structure ""; ""1.6 Ethical and Environmental Concerns ""; ""1.7 Government Policy ""; ""1.8 Looking Ahead ""; ""Chapter 2 Organizational Structure ""; ""2.1 The Scope ""; ""2.2 Knowledge Intensity ""; ""2.3 Biotechnology Knowledge ""; ""2.4 Network Organization ""; ""2.5 Nature of Contracts ""; ""2.6 Sharing Fixed Costs ""; ""2.7 Economic Consequences ""; ""2.8 Other Aspects """"Chapter 3 IPRs and Patents """"3.1 Why Protection? ""; ""3.2 Patents as Protection ""; ""3.3 Biotechnology Patents ""; ""3.4 IPR Agreements ""; ""3.5 TRIPS Agreement ""; ""3.6 Consequences of Protection ""; ""3.7 Issues of Concern ""; ""3.8 Modifications to Patent Regime ""; ""Chapter 4 Investment and Financing ""; ""4.1 The Issues ""; ""4.2 Role of Public Investment ""; ""4.3 R&D in Scientific Knowledge ""; ""4.4 Risks of R&D ""; ""4.5 Complementary R&D ""; ""4.6 Agricultural Extension Services ""; ""4.7 Bioprocessing ""; ""4.8 Physical Capital ""; ""4.9 Financing Constraints """"4.10 Further Considerations """"Chapter 5 Demand, Cost and Productivity ""; ""5.1 The Background ""; ""5.2 Patterns of Demand ""; ""5.3 Productivity ""; ""5.4 Variable Costs ""; ""5.5 Welfare Effects ""; ""5.6 Summing Up ""; ""Chapter 6 Market Structure and Pricing ""; ""6.1 Nature of Markets ""; ""6.2 Defining Market Concentration ""; ""6.3 Sources of Concentration ""; ""6.4 Monopoly Power and Pricing ""; ""6.5 Differential Pricing ""; ""6.6 Dynamic Pricing ""; ""6.7 In Retrospect ""; ""Chapter 7 Ethics and Environment ""; ""7.1 Issues at Stake ""; ""7.2 Ethical Issues """"7.3 Environmental Issues """"7.4 Ethical Issues in Agricultural Biotechnology ""; ""7.5 Ethical Issues in Drug Development ""; ""7.6 Environmental Issues ""; ""7.7 International Conventions ""; ""7.8 Lessons and Control ""; ""Chapter 8 Government Policy ""; ""8.1 An Overview ""; ""8.2 Scientific R&D ""; ""8.3 Scientist vs. NBF Contract ""; ""Chapter 9 Conclusion ""; ""9.1 The Technology ""; ""9.2 Organizational Aspects ""; ""9.3 Product Profiles and Markets ""; ""9.4 Negative effects ""; ""9.5 Steady State ""; ""Appendices ""; ""Appendix 1 Technical Terms """"Appendix 2 Economic Concepts """"Appendix 3 Mathematical Background ""; ""References ""; ""Index ""BiotechnologyEconomic aspectsBiotechnology industriesElectronic books.BiotechnologyEconomic aspects.Biotechnology industries.Ramamohan Rao T. V. S900014MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910454299603321Economics of biotechnology2010866UNINA04519nam 22006015 450 991033785880332120251113210717.03-030-15381-910.1007/978-3-030-15381-6(CKB)4100000007992439(MiAaPQ)EBC5754990(DE-He213)978-3-030-15381-6(PPN)235669423(EXLCZ)99410000000799243920190417d2019 u| 0engurcnu||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierComputational Techniques for Human Smile Analysis /by Hassan Ugail, Ahmad Ali Asad Aldahoud1st ed. 2019.Cham :Springer International Publishing :Imprint: Springer,2019.1 online resource (67 pages)SpringerBriefs in Computer Science,2191-57763-030-15380-0 Facial Emotional Expressions -- Measuring Facial Emotional Expressions -- Facial Action Coding System -- Electromyography -- Computational Techniques -- A Computational Framework for Measuring the Facial Emotional Expressions -- Methodology -- Face Detection -- Motion Analysis -- Implementation -- Distinguishing between Genuine and Posed Smiles -- A Computational Framework for Smile Weight Distribution -- Results -- Discussions -- Gender and Smile Dynamics -- A Computational Framework for Smile Dynamics -- Dynamic Spatial Parameters -- The Biometric Characteristics of a Smile -- Proposed Method.In this book, the authors discuss the recent developments in computational techniques for automated non-invasive facial emotion detection and analysis with particular focus on the smile. By way of applications, they discuss how genuine and non-genuine smiles can be inferred, how gender is encoded in a smile and how it is possible to use the dynamics of a smile itself as a biometric feature. It is often said that the face is a window to the soul. Bearing a metaphor of this nature in mind, one might find it intriguing to understand, if any, how the physical, behavioural as well as emotional characteristics of a person could be decoded from the face itself. With the increasing deductive power of machine learning techniques, it is becoming plausible to address such questions through the development of appropriate computational frameworks. Though there are as many as over twenty five categories of emotions one could express, regardless of the ethnicity, gender or social class, across humanity, there exist six common emotions – namely happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, anger and disgust - all of which can be inferred from facial expressions. Of these facial expressions, the smile is the most prominent in social interactions. The smile bears important ramifications with beliefs such as it makes one more attractive, less stressful in upsetting situations and employers tending to promote people who smile often. Even pockets of scientific research appear to be forthcoming to validate such beliefs and claims, e.g. the smile intensity observed in photographs positively correlates with longevity, the ability to win a fight and whether a couple would stay married. Thus, it appears that many important personality traits are encoded in the smile itself. Therefore, the deployment of computer based algorithms for studying the human smiles in greater detail is a plausible avenue for which the authors have dedicated the discussions in this book. .SpringerBriefs in Computer Science,2191-5776Biometric identificationArtificial intelligenceAlgorithmsBioinformaticsBiometricsArtificial IntelligenceAlgorithmsComputational and Systems BiologyBiometric identification.Artificial intelligence.Algorithms.Bioinformatics.Biometrics.Artificial Intelligence.Algorithms.Computational and Systems Biology.006.37006.42Ugail H(Hassan),authttp://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut1875518Aldahoud Ahmad Ali Asadauthttp://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/autBOOK9910337858803321Computational Techniques for Human Smile Analysis4486631UNINA