02497nam 2200625Ia 450 991045118150332120200520144314.01-280-52304-20-19-536510-0(CKB)1000000000415177(EBL)272452(OCoLC)466427104(SSID)ssj0000305645(PQKBManifestationID)11259807(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000305645(PQKBWorkID)10292855(PQKB)10081153(MiAaPQ)EBC272452(PPN)145369226(Au-PeEL)EBL272452(CaPaEBR)ebr10278556(CaONFJC)MIL52304(EXLCZ)99100000000041517719860813d1986 uy 0engur|n|---|||||txtccrPatrons, brokers, and clients in seventeenth-century France[electronic resource] /Sharon KetteringNew York Oxford University Press19861 online resource (333 p.)Description based upon print version of record.0-19-503673-5 Includes bibliography and index.Contents; Introduction: Power and Patronage; One: Patrons and Clients; Two: Brokers; Three: Clienteles; Four: Brokers and Political Integration; Five: Brokerage and the Nobility; Six: Clientelism and the Early Modern State; Conclusion: Nobles, Brokers, and Statebuilding; Abbreviations; Notes; Bibliography; IndexThis new study of politics and power in seventeenth-century France argues that the French crown centralized its power nationally by changing the way it delegated its royal patronage in the provinces.Patron and clientFranceHistory17th centuryPatronage, PoliticalFranceHistory17th centuryDecentralization in governmentFranceHistory17th centuryFrancePolitics and government17th centuryElectronic books.Patron and clientHistoryPatronage, PoliticalHistoryDecentralization in governmentHistory618.2/4944/.03Kettering Sharon1942-296735MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910451181503321Patrons, brokers, and clients in seventeenth-century France726680UNINA08209nam 2202089z- 450 991055739380332120231214133026.0(CKB)5400000000041960(oapen)https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/76785(EXLCZ)99540000000004196020202201d2021 |y 0engurmn|---annantxtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierUncertain Multi-Criteria Optimization ProblemsBasel, SwitzerlandMDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute20211 electronic resource (86 p.)3-0365-1574-7 3-0365-1573-9 Most real-world search and optimization problems naturally involve multiple criteria as objectives. Generally, symmetry, asymmetry, and anti-symmetry are basic characteristics of binary relationships used when modeling optimization problems. Moreover, the notion of symmetry has appeared in many articles about uncertainty theories that are employed in multi-criteria problems. Different solutions may produce trade-offs (conflicting scenarios) among different objectives. A better solution with respect to one objective may compromise other objectives. There are various factors that need to be considered to address the problems in multidisciplinary research, which is critical for the overall sustainability of human development and activity. In this regard, in recent decades, decision-making theory has been the subject of intense research activities due to its wide applications in different areas. The decision-making theory approach has become an important means to provide real-time solutions to uncertainty problems. Theories such as probability theory, fuzzy set theory, type-2 fuzzy set theory, rough set, and uncertainty theory, available in the existing literature, deal with such uncertainties. Nevertheless, the uncertain multi-criteria characteristics in such problems have not yet been explored in depth, and there is much left to be achieved in this direction. Hence, different mathematical models of real-life multi-criteria optimization problems can be developed in various uncertain frameworks with special emphasis on optimization problems.Information technology industriesbicsscmultiple-criteria decision-makingunderground minesmining methodsexpert knowledgefailure mode and effects analysissolar panel systemsstep-wise weight assessment ratio analysisgrey relational analysisZ-number theoryB2C e-commerce factorswebsiteMCDMFuzzy AHPTOPSIS-GreyChinaIoTplatform selectionmulti criteria decision analysis (MCDA)AHPPROMETHEE-IIIndustry 4.0data envelopment analysisconjoint analysisexperimental designcriteria importanceweight restrictionssubjective and objective teacher efficiencymulti-objective planningreverse supply chainrobust optimizationuncertaintymeta-heuristic algorithmsteel making industryfuzzy PIPRECIAfuzzy EDASrailwaymulti-criteria decision-makingtransport policySix Sigma (6σ)DMAICvehicle fleetoptimizationtext miningMulti-Attribute Decision Making (MADM), criteria selectionweightingProspective MADMLatent Semantic Analysis (LSA)SIMUSdecision treetransport planLaplace’s criterionHurwitz’s criterionq-rung orthopair fuzzy numbersq-rung orthopair fuzzy prioritized weighted average operatorq-rung orthopair fuzzy prioritized weighted geometric operatorgreen supply chain managementfuzzy theorysustainable developmentSCOR modelFAHPPROMETHEE IItextile and garments industrysustainable supplier selectionMCDAefficiencyDEASFAclassificationdimensionality reductionq-ROFNsEinstein operatorsprioritized aggregation operatorsmulti-criteria group decision makinghazardous materialsvehicle route model (VRP)uncertainty theorychance constrained programming modelhybrid intelligent algorithmlinear Diophantine fuzzy setlinear Diophantine fuzzy soft rough setsoft rough linear Diophantine fuzzy setupper reduct and lower reductcore setmulti-criteria decision makingq-Rung orthopair fuzzy setsgeometric aggregation operators based on generalized and group-generalized parameterswater loss managementdecision makingintuitionistic fuzzy setsthe COMET methodservice qualityfuzzy setJensen–Shannon divergenceshapley functionTODIMport-hinterland transportation systembi-objective programmingintermodal transportationcarbon emissionsuncertain demanddistributionally robustchance constraintYangtze River Economic Beltmulti-criteria decision-analysisMCDA benchmarknormalizationentropydecision-making methodsmulti-criteria problemsevolutionary algorithmsmachine learningfuzzy logicuncertain dataconsistency weightsfuzzy preference relation (FPR)hesitant fuzzy preference relation (HFPR)Łukasiewicz consistencynormal hesitant fuzzy preference relation (NHFPR)multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM)outsourcing providerDEMATELCRITICTOPSIScomparison measurerepresentationdisjointmultiplicative preference relation (MPR)group decision-making (GDM)incomplete fuzzy preference relation (IFPR)TL-consistencycubic m-polar fuzzy setDombi’s operationscubic m-polar fuzzy aggregation operators with P-order (R-order)SIR techniquecomplex networkssocial networksviral marketinginformation propagationcrisp probabilityinterval probabilityinfluence diagramscircuit breakersgranular computinginterval-valuedintuitionistic fuzzy setmultiple granulationordered information systemInformation technology industriesPamučar Draganedt1295532Pamučar DraganothBOOK9910557393803321Uncertain Multi-Criteria Optimization Problems3023585UNINA06383nam 2201141z- 450 991063997720332120231214132926.01-928424-35-X(CKB)4100000009513127(oapen)https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/96034(EXLCZ)99410000000951312720202301d2019 |y 0engurmn|---annantxtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierSpace and planning in secondary citiesReflections from South AfricaBloemfonteinUJ Press20191 electronic resource (314 p.)1-928424-34-1 Much of the urban research focuses on the large metropolitan areas in South Africa. This book assesses spatial planning in the second-tier cities of the country. Secondary cities are vital as they perform essential regional, and in some cases, global economic roles and help to distribute the population of a country more evenly across its surface. Apartheid planning left South African cities fragmented segregated and with low densities. Post-apartheid policies aim to reverse these realities by emphasising integration, higher densities and upgrading. Achieving these aims has been challenging and often the historical patterns continue. The evidence shows that two opposing patterns prevail, namely increased densities and continued urban sprawl. This book presents ten case studies of spatial planning and spatial transformation in secondary cities of South Africa. The book frames these case studies against complexity theory and suggests that the post-apartheid response to apartheid planning represents a linear deviation from history. The ten case studies then reveal how difficult it is for local decision-makers to find appropriate responses and how current responses often result in contradictory results. Often these cities are highly vulnerable and they find it difficult to plan in the context of uncertainty. The book also highlights how these cities find it difficult to stand on their own against the influence of interest groups (property developers, mining companies, traditional authorities, other spheres of government). The main reasons include weak municipal finance statements, the dependence on national and provincial government for capital expenditure, limited investment in infrastructure maintenance, the lack of planning capacity, the inability to implement plans and the unintended and sometimes contrary outcomes of post-apartheid planning policies.City & town planning - architectural aspectsbicsscSecondary citiesspatial transformationSecondary cities and research and policy in South Africaspatial planningPost-apartheid spatial policycomplex spacesComplex adaptive systemsSocioecological systemsImplications for planning in complex systemsAdaptive co-evolutionCollaborative and adaptive planning and leadershipUrban sprawlGated estatesDrakenstein Municipality’s spatial problemssprawlPolicy for spatial containmentSpatial planning for the Limpopo energy hubMining booms and bustsSettlement planning and housing policy for mining townsInfrastructureSpatial changeSpatial transformation and complexityComplexity of planning in MahikengPlanning in a difficult spacePolicy and planning frameworksDemographicsPlanning for spatial transformationMatjhabeng: planning in the face of the Free State Goldfields declineContext and changes in MatjhabengWelkom’s economy and global market forcesSpatial changes in Matjhabeng1990–2013Spatial planning in Matjhabeng: 1994–2018The 2005/2006 spatial development frameworkThe 2013 spatial development frameworkThe 2015 Matjhabeng by-lawsPrecinct plansrealistic plans in a situation of economic stagnationMbombela: a growing provincial capital and tourism destinationSpatial and population changeMunicipal infrastructureMain spatial challengesSpatial priorities and plansN4 Maputo corridorParticipatory planningBalancing urban and rural land developmentIntegrated developmentMsunduzi: spatially integrating Kwazulu-Natal’s diverse capitalthe contribution of the spatial development framework to spatial transformationFactors affecting spatial change in Polokwane Local MunicipalitySettlement hierarchyCorridors and transportationWater and sanitation infrastructureSpatial planning problems in RustenburgInternal dynamics that hinder spatial transformationExternal dynamics that hinder spatial transformationQuality of the spatial development framework and planning processSpatial planning and complexity lessonsComplexity as a lens to assess spatial planning instrumentsInterconnected nodes and car-free transportOptimal land useResource custodianshipPromotion of agriculture and food productionand preservation of heritageComplexity in spatial planning for Stellenbosch Municipalitycomplexity theory and spatial changeCity & town planning - architectural aspectsMarais Lochneredt1236289Nel VernaedtMarais LochnerothNel VernaothBOOK9910639977203321Space and planning in secondary cities3029024UNINA