04552nam 2201117z- 450 991034667830332120231214132951.03-03897-731-4(CKB)4920000000094884(oapen)https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/49115(EXLCZ)99492000000009488420202102d2019 |y 0engurmn|---annantxtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierHardwood Reforestation and RestorationMDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute20191 electronic resource (192 p.)3-03897-730-6 Hardwood-dominated temperate forests (mostly in Eastern North America, Europe, North East Asia) provide valuable renewable timber and numerous ecosystem services. Many of these forests have been subjected to harvesting or conversion to agriculture, sometimes over centuries, that have greatly reduced their former extent and diversity. Natural regeneration following harvesting or during post-agricultural succession has often failed to restore these forests adequately. Past harvesting practices and the valuable timber of some species have led to a reduction in their abundance. The loss of apex predators has caused herbivore populations to increase and exert intense browsing pressure on hardwood regeneration, often preventing it. Particularly important are fruit, nut and acorn bearing species, because of their vital role in forest food webs and biodiversity. Restoring hardwood species to natural forests in which they were formerly more abundant will require a number of forest management actions (e.g., resistant hybrids, deer exclosures/protectors, enrichment planting, underplanting, etc.). Similarly, reforesting areas that were once natural forests will also require new silvicultural knowledge. Global warming trends will intensify the need for interventions to maintain the diversity and function of temperate hardwood forests, as well as for increase hardwood reforestation.Fagaceae speciessoil disturbancenon-timber forest productsprecision restorationprotected landscape areatree selectioncultural diversityQuercus rubrahardwood restorationenrichment plantingsub-tropical hardwoodsagroforestryherbicide effectsbiological diversitycompetitionJuglans nigra L.understoreyinvasive plantswildfireforest restorationQuercus macrocarpariparian forest restorationvegetation managementassisted migrationsugar mapledeer browsingspecies compositiontolerancephosphorusgrowth efficiency indexfloristic quality indexshelterwoodCarya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Kochmonitoringindicatorsseed predationBioclimatic nichenon-parametric correlationunmanaged forestNative Americansabandoned agricultural fieldnative mixed foreststree vigorforest diversitypredationweed controlnitratefacilitationinventoryhardwoodsMexican tree speciesyellow birchtree plantationseedling establishmentdeer abundanceavian guildsPinus strobus L.Central Hardwood Forest regionPinus strobusDurangoMaxEntJuglans nigraoak regenerationforest regenerationQuercus rubra L.deer herbivoryecosystem servicestree shelterTruax Benoitauth1306128Gagnon DanielauthBOOK9910346678303321Hardwood Reforestation and Restoration3028294UNINA