05603nam 2200721 a 450 991022012440332120230725032227.01-283-26810-897866132681050-8330-5846-0(CKB)2670000000114025(EBL)768123(OCoLC)749265000(SSID)ssj0000539431(PQKBManifestationID)11324554(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000539431(PQKBWorkID)10568891(PQKB)11575807(MiAaPQ)EBC768123(MiAaPQ)EBC4970021(Au-PeEL)EBL768123(CaPaEBR)ebr10497675(Au-PeEL)EBL4970021(CaONFJC)MIL326810(OCoLC)816863391(EXLCZ)99267000000011402520110624d2011 uy 0engurcn|||||||||txtccrNear-term opportunities for integrating biomass into the U.S. electricity supply[electronic resource] technical considerations /David S. Ortiz ... [et al.]Santa Monica, Calif. Rand20111 online resource (187 p.)Technical report Near-term opportunities for integrating biomass into the U.S. electricity supply"TR-984."0-8330-5835-5 Includes bibliographical references.Cover; Title Page; Copyright; Preface; Contents; Figures; Tables; Summary; Acknowledgments; Abbreviations; CHAPTER ONE: Introduction; Background, Methodology, and Study Questions; Analytical Goals and Methodology; Regulatory Considerations; Outline of This Report; CHAPTER TWO: Cofiring Experience in the United States; Introduction; Producing Electricity from Coal and Biomass; General Information on the Companies and Their Facilities; Allegheny Energy; Dominion; First Energy; Florida Crystals; NRG Energy; Precombustion Biomass Considerations; Biomass Fuel SelectionBiomass Fuel Acquisition, Receiving, Preprocessing, and Storage Biomass Fuel Handling, Processing, and Feeding; Considerations for Combustion of Biomass; Technical Concerns with Biomass Combustion; Biomass Emissions, Emission Controls, and Waste; Economic, Regulatory, and Policy Issues; Key Concerns; Summary; Key Findings; Biomass Utilization Decision Process; CHAPTER THREE: Plant-Site Costs of Cofiring; Summary of Model of Plant-Site Costs of Cofiring; Model Inputs and Outputs; Estimating the Costs of Cofiring; Results; Base-Case Input Parameters and AssumptionsTotal Cost of Firing Biomass and Prices for Renewable-Electricity Credits CHAPTER FOUR: Near-Term Potential Demand for Biomass for Cofiring Applications; Introduction; Methodology and Data for Estimating Potential Biomass Demand; Current Biomass Energy Use; Near-Term Potential Demand for Biomass Energy Resources for Cofiring; Near-Term Potential Supply Constraints; CHAPTER FIVE: Logistical Considerations; Introduction; Costs of Handling, Processing, and Transporting Biomass; Loading and Unloading Biomass; Transportation; Storage Requirements and Costs; Densification CostsBiomass Sourcing Scenarios Scenario 1: Local Supply of Biomass Energy; Scenario 2: Local and External Supply of Biomass Energy; Scenario 3: External Supply of Biomass Energy; CHAPTER SIX: Reductions in Life-Cycle Greenhouse-Gas Emissions from Cofiring with Biomass; Introduction; Estimating Greenhouse-Gas Emissions from Cofiring; Implications of Biomass Life-Cycle Greenhouse-Gas Emissions of Cofiring; CHAPTER SEVEN: Factors Influencing the Development of Biomass Markets; Introduction; Limiting Factors for Biomass Markets; Biomass Prices and Production CostsTechnological Constraints on Biomass Production Asymmetric Information; The Potential for Processing to Facilitate Biomass Market Expansion; What Would Cause Biomass Markets to Grow?; CHAPTER EIGHT: Conclusions; Plant Operators' Experiences Cofiring Biomass; The Principal Challenge with Respect to Cofiring Biomass Is Maintaining a Consistent Fuel Supply; The Choice to Cofire Biomass Depends on a Confluence of Technical and Regulatory Factors; Plant-Site Costs of Cofiring; Cofiring Biomass Results in Increased Capital and Operating Costs and Lost RevenuesDensification of Biomass Does Not Result in Plant-Site Cost SavingsBiomass is an increasingly important source of electricity, heat, and liquid fuel. One near-term option for using biomass to generate electricity is to cofire biomass in coal-fired electricity plants. This report focuses on two aspects of biomass use: plant-site modifications, changes in operations, and costs associated with cofiring biomass; and the logistical issues associated with delivering biomass to the plant.Biomass energyUnited StatesElectric power-plantsUnited StatesFuelElectric power productionUnited StatesBiomass energyElectric power-plantsFuel.Electric power production333.95/39Ortiz David(David Santana)973386National Energy Technology Laboratory (U.S.)Rand Environment, Energy, and Economic Development (Program)MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910220124403321Near-term opportunities for integrating biomass into the U.S. electricity supply2448178UNINA