04171nam 2200517 450 991049521210332120220422192905.0981-16-3619-210.1007/978-981-16-3619-6(CKB)4100000011995619(DE-He213)978-981-16-3619-6(MiAaPQ)EBC6692916(Au-PeEL)EBL6692916(PPN)257352104(EXLCZ)99410000001199561920220422d2021 uy 0engurnn|008mamaatxtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierAdvanced and applied studies on ultra-trace rare earth elements (REEs) in carbonates using SN-ICPMS and LA-ICPMS /Chung-Che Wu1st ed. 2021.Singapore :Springer,[2021]©20211 online resource (XV, 64 p. 22 illus., 16 illus. in color.) Springer Theses, Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research,2190-5061981-16-3618-4 Introduction -- Approach I: Direct determination of carbonate REES in femtogram quantities by solution nebulization-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(SN-ICPMS) -- Application I: Pinatubo volcanic eruption exacerbated an abrupt coral mortality event in 1991 summer -- Approach II: Highly-sensitive open-cell laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(LA-ICPMS) approaches for the quantification of rare earth elements in carbonates at parts-per-billion levels -- Application II: Stalagmite-based micro-domain tephra fingerprints in East Timor between 88 to 78 ka BP -- Summary and perspective.This book provides two state-of-the-art quantitative techniques to determine ultra-trace rare earth elements (REEs) in natural carbonates using solution nebulization-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SN-ICPMS) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) with respective applications were presented in this dissertation. These techniques were applied to natural carbonates, including corals and stalagmites, to understand volcano eruptions and the impacts on modern biosystem and paleoclimate regimes. In the first SN-ICPMS protocol, direct measurements for femtogram quantity carbonate samples without chemical separation steps can offer accurate and high-precision analysis (±1.9-6.5%, 2σ) with a high sample throughput of 8-10 samples/hr routinely. Application to modern Porites corals collected from South China Sea region, the anomalies of REE contents and Al/Ca ratios associated with micro-domain images, register modern coral reefs could be exacerbated by volcanic eruptions. In the second protocol, a high-sensitivity quantitative open-cell LA-ICPMS technique has been established to allow direct sampling on stalagmite surface in the atmospheric air. This technique improved limits of detection down to sub-ng/g range and promises analyses of carbonate REE profiles at the single digit parts-per-billion (ppb) levels. Application to a 15-cm stalagmite collected from East Timor reveals two peaks of REE contents by at least one order of magnitude, possibly due to volcanic ash preserved in stalagmite. Both improved SN-ICPMS and LA-ICPMS techniques highlight the high-sensitivity and high-temporal-resolution carbonate REE analyses for corals and stalagmites, with great potential to other natural carbonates such as travertine, tufa, and flowstone, benefit our understanding of paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental dynamics.Springer Theses, Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research,2190-5061GeochemistryClimatologyEnvironmental chemistryGeochemistry.Climatology.Environmental chemistry.551.9Wu Chung-Che887456MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910495212103321Advanced and Applied Studies on Ultra-Trace Rare Earth Elements (REEs) in Carbonates Using SN-ICPMS and LA-ICPMS1982546UNINA02955ojm 2200241z- 450 991014903440332120230912161814.00-00-820999-5(CKB)3710000000924264(BIP)055776213(EXLCZ)99371000000092426420231107c2016uuuu -u- -engWar: A History in 100 BattlesHarperCollins UKIllustrated edition - recommended for viewing on a colour tablet.This book introduces readers to a whole range of military history with all the drama, dangers, horrors and excitement that we associate with Stalingrad or the Somme. Battles are acute moments of history, and through them we can understand how warfare and world history have evolved.Choosing just one hundred battles from recorded human history is a challenge. Not just because it is necessary to cover almost 6,000 years of history, but because men have fought each other almost continuously for millennia. Anyone who knows anything about the history of war may be disappointed at what has had to be left out. However, each of the 100 memorable battles described shows both how the nature of armed combat has changed over human history, and also how, despite changes in technology, organisation or ideas, many things have remained the same.It is an old adage that you can win a battle but lose a war. The battles featured here almost always resulted in victory for one side or another, but the victor did not necessarily win the war. Some battles are decisive in that broader historical sense, others are not. The further back in time, the more likely it is that an enemy could be finished off in one blow. The wars of the modern age, between major states, have involved repeated battles until one side was battered into submission. Some of the great generals of the recent past - Napoleon, Robert E Lee, Erich von Manstein - have been on the losing side but are remembered nonetheless for their generalship.Some on the winning side have all but disappeared from the history books or from public memory. Equally, in many battles, the issue is not victory or defeat, but what the battle can tell us about the history of warfare itself. New weapons, new tactics, new ways of organising armed forces can have a sudden impact on the outcome of a battle. But so too can leadership, or the effects of a clever deception, or raw courage. That is why the book has been divided up into clear themes which apply equally to the battles of the ancient world as they do to the battles of today.As Professor Richard Overy laments: "Battle is not a game to plug into a computer but a piece of living history, messy, bloody and real. That, at least, has not changed in 6,000 years."WarOvery Richard139811Crossley StevenothAUDIO9910149034403321War: A History in 100 Battles3651434UNINA