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Record Nr. |
UNINA9910794046003321 |
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Autore |
Loibl Elvira |
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Titolo |
The Transnational Illegal Adoption Market : A Criminological Study of the German and Dutch Intercountry Adoption Systems / / Elvira Loibl |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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The Hague, The Netherlands : , : Eleven International Publishing, , [2019] |
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©2019 |
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ISBN |
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Edizione |
[First edition.] |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (513 pages) |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Child trafficking - Law and legislation |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Nota di bibliografia |
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Includes bibliographical references. |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Intro -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgements -- I Introduction -- 1 Central Focus and Scope -- 2 Methodological Framework -- 2.1 Interdisciplinary Approach -- 2.2 Comparative Approach -- 2.3 Case Study Approach -- 2.4 Data Sources and Analysis -- 2.4.1 Legal sources -- 2.4.2 Policy, academic and media sources -- 2.4.3 Semi-structured interviews -- 2.4.4 Adopters' autobiographic stories -- 2.5 Ethical Considerations -- 3 Structure of the Book -- 4 Terminology -- II Child Trafficking for Adoption Purposes - A Criminological Analysis of the Illegal Adoption Market -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Structural Components of the Transnational Illegal Adoption Market -- 2.1 The Basic Logic of Routine Activity Theory -- 2.2 Demand Component -- 2.2.1 From a humanitarian deed to a remedy for involuntary childlessness -- 2.2.2 The role of adoption agencies -- 2.3 Supply Component -- 2.3.1 Source countries -- 2.3.2 Illegal practices to secure adoptable children -- 2.4 Social Control Component -- 2.4.1 Child laundering - connecting demand and illegal supply -- 2.4.2 Adoption agencies' representatives and cooperation partners in the sending countries -- 2.5 Criminogenic Asymmetries between Demand and Source Countries -- 2.6 Displacements Effects of Supply Reduction and 'Cycles of Abuse' -- 3 The International Legal Framework on Child Trafficking -- 4 The Prism of Child Trafficking for Adoption Purposes -- 4.1 The Crime Prism -- 4.2 The Prismatic |
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Analysis of Child Trafficking for Adoption Purposes -- 4.2.1 Individual and social harm -- 4.2.2 Invisibility -- 4.2.3 Extent of victimization -- 4.2.4 Lack of public agreement on seriousness -- 4.2.5 Low probability of severe social response -- 5 Conclusion and Discussion -- III The Rights of the Child and the 'Best Interests' Principle in Intercountry Adoption -- 1 Introduction. |
2 Positions on the Legitimacy of Intercountry Adoption -- 2.1 Abolitionists -- 2.2 Promoters -- 2.3 Regulationists -- 3 Background and Development of the UNCRC -- 4 Family and the Rights of the Child -- 4.1 The Definition of the Family -- 4.2 The Child's Right to be Cared for by His or Her Parents -- 4.3 The Primacy of the Child's Family and Parents -- 4.4 The State's Responsibility to Support the Child's Family and Parents -- 4.5 The Child's Right to Privacy and Family Life -- 4.6 Separation of the Child from His or Her Parents -- 4.7 The Child's Right to know His or Her Origin and Identity -- 5 Children Deprived of Their Family Environment -- 5.1 Alternative Child Care Solutions -- 5.2 Adoption -- 5.3 The Myth of a Global 'Orphan Crisis' -- 6 The Best Interests of the Child -- 6.1 Meaning and Historical Background of the Concept -- 6.2 Analysis of Article 3(1) UNCRC -- 6.3 The Child's Best Interests in Adoption Arrangements -- 6.4 The Vague Concept of 'The Child's Best Interests' -ACriminogenic Factor in the Intercountry Adoption System? -- 7 Conclusion and Discussion -- IV The 1993 Hague Convention -ATrojan Horse in the Intercountry Adoption System? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background and Development of the Hague Convention -- 3 Provisions of the Hague Convention -- 3.1 Preamble -- 3.2 Scope of Application -- 3.3 Requirements of Intercountry Adoptions, Distribution of Responsibility -- 3.4 Central Authorities and Accredited Bodies -- 3.5 Procedural Requirements of Intercountry Adoptions -- 3.6 Recognition and Effects of Intercountry Adoptions -- 3.7 General Provisions and Final Clauses -- 4 The Standards and Principles of the Hague Convention -- 4.1 The Best Interests of the Child -- 4.2 The Subsidiarity Principle -- 4.3 Competent Authorities Principle -- 4.4 Principle of Preventing Improper (Financial) Gain. |
4.2 Standards for the Consent to Adoption -- 4.6 Principle of Co-operation and Co-responsibility -- 5 Limitations and Pitfalls of the Hague Convention -- 5.1 Private Adoptions -- 5.1.1 Private adoptions and illegal practices -- 5.1.2 The Hague Convention's compromise in Article 22(2) -- 5.1.3 The no contact rule in Article 29 -- 5.1.4 The Hague Convention's regulation on private adoptions - a limitation? -- 5.2 Much Latitude for the Contracting States -- 5.3 Poor Implementation and Lacking Monitoring and Enforcing Mechanisms -- 5.4 Trust in the Sending Countries and Appearance of Legitimacy -- 6 Conclusion -- V The German Intercountry Adoption System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History, Development and Current Trends -- 3 The German Legal Framework of Intercountry Adoption -- 3.1 Stakeholders in the German Adoption System -- 3.2 International Adoption Placement Procedure -- 3.3 Judicial Adoption Procedure -- 3.4 Adoption Recognition and Conversion Procedure -- 3.5 The Child's Entry into Germany -- 4 Tolerance towards Private Adoptions -- 4.1 International Adoptions in Germany - Often a 'Private Affair' -- 4.2 Adopters' Motivation to Pursue a Do-It-Yourself Adoption -- 4.3 No Ban, No Negative Consequences -- 5 German Adoption Agencies Caught in a Tension between Integrity and Money -- 5.1 Accreditation and Authorization Requirements -- 5.2 Financial Strain -- 5.3 Competition among Helpers -- 6 Cooperation with the Sending Countries - A Matter of Trust -- 6.1 Foreign Partners, the Cogs in the Adoption System -- 6.2 Adoption Costs - Don't Ask, Don't Tell -- 6.3 |
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Incentive Fees and Donations -- 6.4 Supervision of Representatives and Cooperation Partners -- 7 The Ethiopian Child Trafficking Incidents -- 7.1 Systemic Abuses in the Ethiopian Adoption System -- 7.2 The German Agency's Ideological and Financial Motivation to Place Children from Ethiopia. |
7.3 Hear No Evil, See No Evil - Techniques of Rationalization -- 8 The Role of the German Authorities in the Adoption System -- 8.1 Accrediting, Authorizing and Controlling German Adoption Agencies -- 8.2 Reviewing Individual Adoptions (Control on Micro Level) -- 8.3 Authorizing, Monitoring and Suspending Adoptions from Sending Countries (Control on Macro Level) -- 8.4 Central Adoption Offices as Adoption Placement Offices -- 9 Criminal Liability of German Actors -- 9.1 Child Trafficking ( 236 StGB) -- 9.1.1 Adopters -- 9.1.2 Staff members of an adoption agency -- 9.2 Other Relevant Criminal Provisions -- 10 Conclusion and Discussion -- VI The Dutch Intercountry Adoption System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History, Developments and Current Trends -- 3 The Dutch Legal Framework of Intercountry Adoption -- 3.1 Stakeholders in the Dutch Adoption System -- 3.2 International Adoption Placement Procedure -- 3.3 Judicial Adoption Procedure -- 3.4 Adoption Recognition and Conversion Procedure -- 3.5 The Child's Entry into the Netherlands -- 4 Independent Adoptions -- 4.1 Partial Do-It-Yourself Adoptions (deelbemiddelingen) -- 4.2 Risks and Limitations of Partial Do-It-Yourself Adoptions -- 4.3 Private (Illegal) Adoptions - Prohibited but Not Properly Sanctioned -- 5 Dutch Adoption Agencies -- 5.1 Accreditation and Authorization Requirements -- 5.2 Financial Strain -- 6 Cooperation with the Sending Countries -- 6.1 Dutch Adoption Agencies' Partners and Their Tasks in the Sending Countries -- 6.2 Adoption Costs, Donations and 'Facilitation Payments' -- 6.3 Supervision of Foreign Representatives and Cooperation Partners -- 7 The Role of the Dutch Authorities in the Adoption System -- 7.1 Accrediting and Controlling Dutch Adoption Agencies -- 7.2 Reviewing and Approving Individual Adoptions (Control on Micro Level). |
7.3 Authorizing, Monitoring and Suspending Adoptions from Sending Countries (Control on Macro Level) -- 7.4 The Dutch Ministry's Deference to China -- 7.4.1 The Chinese child trafficking incidents -- 7.4.2 Trust in the authorities of Hague sending countries -- 7.4.3 Diplomatic and other interests in intercountry adoptions -- 8 Criminal Liability of Dutch Actors -- 8.1 Adopters -- 8.2 Staff Members of an Adoption Agency -- 9 Discussion and Conclusion -- VII Parenthood, Consumption and Narratives of Rescue and Love in Intercountry Adoption -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Tension between Consumption and Parenthood in Intercountry Adoption -- 3 Methodology and Theoretical Background -- 4 The Desire to Achieve Parenthood -- 4.1 Involuntary Childlessness and the Powerful Wish to Have a Child -- 4.2 Saving a Child -- 4.3 Choosing the 'Right' Child -- 4.4 Paying for an Adoption -- 5 Becoming Parents -- 5.1 Finding the 'Meant-To-Be'-Child -- 5.2 Exhibiting Ownership -- 5.3 'Bringing Home My Child' -- 6 Discussion and Conclusion -- VIII Comparative Analysis, General Conclusions, and Recommendations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Transnational Illegal Adoption Market -- 2.1 Demand and Supply -- 2.2 The Laundering Process -- 2.3 Criminogenic Asymmetries -- 2.4 The Dimensions of Child Trafficking for Adoption Purposes -- 3 The Criminogenic Conditions in the German and Dutch Adoption Systems -- 3.1 The Principle of the Child's Best Interests -- 3.2 Private Adoptions in Germany and the Netherlands -- 3.3 Institutional Pressure of German and Dutch Adoption Agencies -- 3.4 The Flow of Money into the Sending Countries -- 3.5 The Monitoring and Control System in |
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Germany and the Netherlands -- 3.6 Trust in the Hague Sending Countries -- 3.7 Adopters' Denying the Role of Money in Intercountry Adoptions -- 4 Recommendations -- 4.1 Banning Intercountry Adoptions?. |
4.2 Intercountry Adoptions carried out by the State?. |
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2. |
Record Nr. |
UNISA996696062003316 |
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Autore |
Taylor Kevin J |
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Titolo |
Vvhole Life And Progresse Of Henry Walker The Ironmonger : First, The Manner Of His Conversation. Secondly, The Severall Offences, And Scandalous Pamphlets The Said Walker Hath Writ, And For Which He Is Now A Prisoner In New-gate. Thirdly, The Forme Of The Inditement Which Is Laid Against Him, By The Kings Sergeants At Law, And His Learned Counsell. Fourthly, His Conviction By The Iury. Fiftly, His Recantation, And Sorrow For The Publicke Wrong He Hath Done His Majesty And The Whole Kingdome. Here Are Also Many Remarkable Passages Concerning The Offence, And Apprehending The Said Henry Walker, With A True Relation Of His Severall Escapes And Rescues From The Hands Of Justice . Collected And Written By Taylor |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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