The physics of laser radiation-matter interaction : fundamentals, and selected applications in metrology / / Alexander Horn

• Record Nr.: UNISA996499862203316
• Autore: Horn Alexander
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2022]; ©2022
• ISBN: 3-031-15862-8
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (434 pages)
• Disciplina: 541.3453
• Soggetti: Absorption; Lasers; Metrology
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Acronyms -- Part I Electromagnetic Radiation -- 1 Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation -- 1.1 Fundamental Interactions -- 1.1.1 Nuclear Forces -- 1.1.2 Electromagnetic Force -- 1.1.3 Gravitational Force -- 1.2 Wave and Particle Description of Electromagnetic Radiation -- 1.3 Photon Description -- 1.4 Maxwell Equations -- 1.4.1 Maxwell Equations in Vacuum -- 1.4.2 Continuity Equation -- 1.4.3 Integral Description of Maxwell Equations -- 1.5 Electromagnetic Waves -- 1.5.1 Derivation of Wave Equations -- 1.5.2 Fundamentals on Waves -- 1.5.3 Orthogonality of the Vector Fields -- 1.5.4 Scalar and Vector Potential -- 1.6 Energy Density of Electromagnetic Wave -- 1.6.1 Electrostatic Approach -- 1.6.2 Generalization to Electromagnetic Fields -- 1.6.3 Planar Electromagnetic Waves -- 1.6.4 Phase and Group Velocity -- 1.7 Laser Radiation -- 1.7.1 Spatial and Temporal Properties -- 1.7.2 Coherence -- 1.7.3 Spectral Modulation -- References -- 2 Generation of Electromagnetic Radiation -- 2.1 Discrete and Continuous Transitions -- 2.2 Spontaneous Emission -- 2.3 Acceleration of a Free Charge -- 2.3.1 General Aspects on the Retardation -- 2.3.2 General Solution of a Retarded Wave Equation -- 2.3.3 Maxwell Equations for a Moving Charge -- 2.4 Emission of Accelerated Charges -- 2.4.1 Collinear Velocity and Acceleration Vectors -- 2.4.2 Acceleration ; Perpendicular to the Velocity -- 2.4.3 Periodic Oscillation of a Charged Particle -- 2.5 Black-Body Radiation -- 2.5.1 One-Dimensional Hollow Black Body -- 2.5.2 Three-Dimensional Hollow Black Body -- 2.5.3 High- and Low Photon Energy Limits -- 2.5.4 The Stefan-Boltzmann Law -- 2.5.5 Wien's Displacement Law -- 2.5.6 Emitted Radiation Power -- 2.5.7 Real Thermal Emitter -- 2.6 Laser-Generated X-Rays -- 2.7 Concluding Remarks -- References.; Part II Interaction of Particles with Electromagnetic Radiation -- 3 Elastic Scattering at Charged Particles -- 3.1 Free Electron -- 3.1.1 Radiation Force -- 3.1.2 External Field -- 3.1.3 Dipole Moment and Differential Power per Solid Angle -- 3.2 Bounded Electron -- 3.2.1 Equation of Motion of a Weakly-Bounded Electron -- 3.2.2 Radiation Force -- 3.2.3 External Field -- 3.2.4 Dipole Moment and Differential Power per Solid Angle -- 3.3 Cross-Section -- 3.4 Polarization of Scattered Radiation -- 3.5 Photo-Excitation of Atoms -- 3.5.1 Linear Scattering -- 3.5.2 Non-linear Scattering -- 4 Inelastic Scattering and Absorption -- 4.1 Free Carrier Absorption-Inverse Bremsstrahlung -- 4.2 Raman Scattering -- 4.3 Photo-Ionization or Photo-Effect -- 4.4 Ponderomotive Energy and Force -- 4.5 Non-linear Photo-Ionization -- 4.5.1 Tunnel Ionization -- 4.5.2 Multi-photon Ionization -- 4.5.3 Keldysh Parameter for Atoms -- 4.5.4 Above-Threshold Multi-photon Ionization -- 4.6 Compton Scattering -- 4.7 Pair Production -- References -- 5 Scattering by Many Charges -- 5.1 Attenuation Coefficient -- 5.2 Coherent Scattering -- References -- Part III Interaction with Condensed Matter Without Absorption -- 6 Scattering in Matter -- 6.1 Reversible and Irreversible Interaction -- 6.2 Maxwell Equations in Matter -- 6.3 Lorentz Model -- 6.4 Refractive Index -- 6.5 Many Different Scatterers -- 6.6 Wave Equation in Matter -- 6.7 Straight Propagation in Condensed Matter -- 6.8 Speed of Light in Media -- References -- 7 Linear Optics -- 7.1 Steadiness of Fields -- 7.2 S-Polarized Radiation -- 7.3 P-Polarized Radiation -- 7.4 Boundary Conditions with Complex Refractive Index -- 7.5 Fresnel Equations for Transparent Dielectrics -- 7.6 Reflectance and Transmittance -- 7.7 Nearly Perpendicular Irradiation -- 7.8 Brewster Angle -- 7.9 Critical Angle for Total Reflection.; 7.10 Internal Reflection and Evanescent Waves -- 8 Non-linear Optics -- 8.1 Principal Equations of Non-linear Optics -- 8.2 Non-linear Repulsive Forces -- 8.3 Second-Order Processes -- 8.3.1 Equation of Motion with Non-centrosymmetric Media -- 8.3.2 Non-linear Polarization Density -- 8.3.3 Differential Equation for the Second Harmonic Field -- 8.3.4 Second Harmonic Generation -- 8.3.5 Three-Wave Mixing -- 8.3.6 Parametric Amplification -- 8.4 Third-Order Processes -- 8.4.1 Equation of Motion with Centrosymmetric Media -- 8.4.2 Four-Wave Mixing -- 8.4.3 Third-Harmonic Generation -- 8.4.4 Kerr Effect -- 8.4.5 Self-focusing -- 8.4.6 Catastrophic Self-focusing -- 8.4.7 Self-phase Modulation -- References -- Part IV Interaction with Absorption -- 9 Electron Gas in Condensed Matter -- 9.1 Periodic Potentials -- 9.2 Electronic Properties at Zero Temperature -- 9.2.1 Quantized Wave Number and Energy -- 9.2.2 Density of States -- 9.2.3 Fermi-Dirac Distribution at T=0 K -- 9.3 Electronic Properties at Higher Temperatures -- 9.3.1 Fermi-Dirac Distribution at Higher Temperatures -- 9.3.2 High Electron Density: Metals -- 9.3.3 Low Electron Density: Semiconductors -- References -- 10 Optical Properties of an Electron Gas -- 10.1 General Aspects-Lambert-Beer's Law -- 10.2 Electron Gas -- 10.2.1 Free Electron Gas -- 10.2.2 Quasi-free Electron Gas -- 11 Band Theory of Crystals -- 11.1 Electronic Band Formation -- 11.2 Valence and Conduction Bands -- 11.2.1 Crystals at Absolute Zero Temperature -- 11.2.2 Crystals at Higher Temperatures ; -- 11.2.3 Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors -- 11.2.4 Electrons in the Conduction Band of Metals -- 11.3 Band Structure and Dispersion Relation in Crystals -- 11.4 Non-crystalline Matter -- References -- 12 Linear Absorption -- 12.1 Absorption in Condensed Matter -- 12.2 Interband Excitation -- 12.2.1 Reduced Band Structure Plot.; 12.2.2 Dielectrics and Semiconductors -- 12.2.3 Transition Metals -- 12.3 Intraband Excitation -- 12.4 Non-crystalline Matter-Disordered Matter -- 12.5 Excited State Transitions -- 12.5.1 Dielectrics and Semiconductors -- 12.5.2 Recombination and Meta-Stable States -- 12.5.3 Excited Transition Metals -- 12.6 Optical Properties of Metals -- 12.6.1 Non-excited Metals -- 12.6.2 Excited Dielectrics -- References -- 13 Non-linear Absorption -- 13.1 Excitation Pathways -- 13.2 Electron Rate Equation -- 13.3 Non-linear Photo-Excitation -- 13.3.1 Keldysh Parameter for Crystals -- 13.3.2 Tunnel Excitation -- 13.3.3 Multi-photon Excitation -- 13.3.4 Non-linear Photo-Excitation -- 13.3.5 Two-Photon Absorption -- 13.3.6 Three-Photon Absorption -- 13.4 Impact Ionization -- 13.5 Channeling and Filamentation -- 13.5.1 Channeling -- 13.5.2 Filamentation -- References -- 14 Heating -- 14.1 Process Steps of Heating -- 14.2 Two-Temperature Model -- 14.3 Derivation of the Heat Equation -- 14.4 Heating of Metals -- 14.5 Thermophysical Properties of the Electron System -- 14.5.1 Heat Capacity of the Electron System -- 14.5.2 Thermal Conductivity of the Electron System -- 14.5.3 Electron-Phonon Coupling Parameter -- 14.6 Thermodynamic Properties of the Phonon System -- 14.6.1 Heat Capacity of the Phonon System -- 14.6.2 Thermal Conductivity of the Phonon System -- 14.7 Numerical Approach -- 14.8 Examples for Laser-Heated Metals -- 14.8.1 Nanosecond Laser Radiation -- 14.8.2 Femtosecond Laser Radiation -- References -- 15 Phase Transitions -- 15.1 Laser-Induced Phase Changes -- 15.1.1 Slow Heat Transfer -- 15.1.2 Fast Heat Transfer -- 15.2 Heating with Phase Transitions-Modeling -- 15.3 Thermo-physical Equations -- References -- Part V Selected Applications in Metrology -- 16 Reflectometry -- 16.1 Measurement Methods -- 16.2 Pump and Probe Metrology.; 16.3 Time-Resolved Reflectometry -- 16.3.1 Principle and Set-Up -- 16.3.2 Examples -- References -- 17 Ellipsometry -- 17.1 Fundamentals on Polarization States -- 17.2 Principles of Ellipsometry -- 17.3 Experimental Approach -- 17.4 Reflection at One Interface -- 17.5 Reflection at Many Interfaces for Thin Layers -- 17.6 Layer- and Dispersion-Models -- 17.7 Imaging Ellipsometry -- 17.7.1 Principle Set-Up -- 17.7.2 Spatial-Resolved Measurement -- 17.8 Space- and Time-Resolved Ellipsometry -- 17.8.1 Principle Set-Up -- 17.8.2 Examples -- References -- 18 Nomarski Microscopy -- 18.1 Principle of Nomarski Microscopy -- 18.2 Time-Resolved Nomarski Microscopy -- 18.3 Examples -- Reference -- 19 White-Light Interferometry -- 19.1 Principle of Mach-Zehnder Interferometry -- 19.2 White-Light Interferometry -- 19.3 Pump-Probe White-Light Interferometry -- 19.4 Super-Continuum Source -- 19.5 Interferogram Analysis -- 19.6 Examples -- 19.7 Conclusion -- Reference -- Appendix Bibliography -- -- Index.