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Record Nr. |
UNISA996466843203316 |
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Autore |
Carraro Giovanni |
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Titolo |
Astrophysics of the interstellar medium / / Giovanni Carraro |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2021] |
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©2021 |
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ISBN |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (361 pages) |
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Collana |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Interstellar matter |
Materials science |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Nota di bibliografia |
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Includes bibliographical references. |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Fundamental Equations for Ideal Fluids -- 1.1 Introduction: Fluids as Continuous Systems -- 1.2 Continuity Equation -- 1.3 Volume Forces and Surface Forces. Stresses -- 1.4 Equation of Motion (Euler Equation) for Ideal Fluids -- 1.5 Conservation of Total Energy and Thermal Energy -- 1.6 Vorticity in Ideal Fluids. Potential Motion -- 1.7 Numerical Solutions of Hydrodynamical Equations -- 1.8 Synthetic Summary -- 2 Acoustic Waves -- 2.1 Acoustic Waves in an Ideal Fluid at Rest -- 2.2 Velocity of Propagation in a Dispersive Medium -- 2.3 Acoustic Waves in a Patchy Medium at Rest -- 2.4 Acoustic Waves in a Gravity-Dominated Medium -- 2.5 Virial Theorem -- 2.6 Gravitational Collapse of a Sphere -- 2.7 Synthetic Summary -- References -- 3 Real Fluids -- 3.1 Transport Phenomena -- 3.2 Thermal Conduction -- 3.3 Internal Friction -- 3.4 Navier-Stokes Equation -- 3.5 Energy Dissipation by Internal Friction -- 3.6 Energy Balance in a Real Fluid -- 3.7 Integration of Equations for a Real Fluid -- 3.8 Case of Fluid with Low Viscosity -- 3.9 Similar Motions -- 3.10 Synthetic Summary -- References -- 4 The Interstellar Medium -- 4.1 Thermal Balance of Interstellar Gas -- 4.2 Thermodynamic State of Interstellar Gas -- 4.3 Cooling Processes -- 4.4 Heating Processes -- 4.5 Thermal Instability -- 4.6 Synthetic Summary -- References -- 5 Shock Waves -- 5.1 Supersonic Motion and Discontinuity -- 5.2 Jump Conditions -- 5.3 Shock Waves -- 5.4 |
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Rankine-Hugoniot Conditions for an Ideal Gas -- 5.5 Shock Waves in the Interstellar Medium -- 5.6 Isothermal Shock: Schematic Discussion -- 5.7 Structure of the Relaxation Layer -- 5.8 Observability of Radiative Shocks -- 5.9 Synthetic Summary -- Reference -- 6 Turbulence -- 6.1 Experimental Aspects of Turbulence -- 6.2 Stability of Stationary Motion and Turbulence Onset. |
6.3 Notes on the Statistical Description of Turbulence -- 6.4 General Characteristics of Turbulence -- 6.5 Kolmogorov's Theory -- 6.6 Turbulence of the Interstellar Medium -- 6.7 Synthetic Summary -- References -- 7 Electrodynamics and Magnetohydrodynamics -- 7.1 Plasmas. Debye Screening Length -- 7.2 Plasma Oscillations -- 7.3 A Note on Systems of Measurement Units -- 7.4 Maxwell's Equations -- 7.5 Magnetic Field Equation -- 7.6 Freezing of the Magnetic Field Lines of Force -- 7.7 The Galactic Magnetic Field: Origin and Methods of Measure -- 7.8 Synthetic Summary -- 8 Motion of a Plasma in a Magnetic Field -- 8.1 Expressions of Magnetic Force -- 8.2 Fundamental Equations of Magnetohydrodynamics -- 8.3 Motion of a Plasma with Respect to Magnetic Lines of Force -- 8.4 Virial Theorem -- 8.5 Application of the Virial Theorem -- 8.6 Ambipolar Diffusion -- 8.7 Synthetic Summary -- 9 Magnetohydrodynamic Waves -- 9.1 Classification of MHD Waves -- 9.2 Alfven Waves -- 9.3 MHD Waves: General Discussion -- 9.4 MHD Waves with Generic Propagation Direction -- 9.5 Waves with Particular Direction of Propagation -- 9.6 Alfven Waves Attenuation -- 9.7 Excitation of MHD Waves -- 9.8 Magnetohydrodynamic Shock Waves -- 9.9 Synthetic Summary -- 10 Dust from the Interstellar Medium -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Extinction of Radiation -- 10.3 Observational Determination of Stellar Extinction -- 10.4 The Extinction Curve of the Diffuse Medium in the Galaxy -- 10.5 Methods for Determining RV -- 10.6 The Equilibrium Temperature of the Grains -- 10.7 The Temperature of the Small Grains -- 10.8 IR Emission of Galaxies -- 10.9 Synthetic Summary -- 11 HII Regions -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Ionisation Balance -- 11.3 Energy Balance and Temperature of an HII Region -- 11.4 The Strömgren Sphere -- 11.5 Effect of Dust on the HII Region. |
11.6 Evolution of the HII Region in a Homogeneous Medium -- 11.7 Classification of Ionization Fronts -- 11.8 HII Region Expansion -- 11.9 End of Expansion -- 11.10 Expansion of an HII Region in an In-Homogeneous Medium -- 11.11 Radio Frequency Emission -- 11.12 Infrared Emission -- 11.13 Calculation of the Lines of the Balmer Series -- 11.14 HII Regions Excited by a Cluster -- 11.15 Synthetic Summary -- Reference -- 12 Stellar Winds -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Classification of Winds -- 12.3 Structure and Evolution of a Bubble Produced by a Strong Wind -- 12.4 A Simplified Model for the Radiative Phase -- 12.5 Evolution in Phase D -- 12.6 Observations of the Bubbles -- 12.7 Evolution of the Bubble in an In-Homogeneous Medium -- 12.8 Synthetic Summary -- References -- 13 Supernovae Remnants -- 13.1 Supernovae -- 13.2 SNR Evolution -- 13.2.1 Expansion End -- 13.3 Expansion of a SNR in a Patchy Medium -- 13.3.1 Magnetic Field -- 13.3.2 Relativistic Particles -- 13.3.3 Spherical Symmetry -- 13.4 Models of Evolution in a Patchy Medium -- 13.5 Effects of a SNR on the Interstellar Medium -- 13.6 Superbubbles and Supershells -- 13.7 Description of some SNRs -- 13.8 Synthetic Summary -- References -- 14 The Interstellar Medium and Its Components -- 14.1 The Structure of the Interstellar Medium -- 14.2 Neutral Gas Diagnostic Techniques: The Line at 21 cm -- 14.3 The Spiral Structure of the Milky Way -- 14.4 Ionized Gas Diagnostic Techniques -- 14.4.1 Dispersion of Pulsar Signals -- 14.4.2 Recombination Optical Emission -- 14.4.3 Absorption at Low Radio Frequencies -- 14.5 The Hot Component: Coronal Gas -- |
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14.6 The Cold Neutral Component: The Clouds of HI. -- 14.7 The Warm Neutral Component -- 14.8 Synthetic Summary -- References -- 15 Molecular Clouds -- 15.1 Detection of Molecular Gas -- 15.2 Correlation Between CO Emission and Molecular Gas Mass. |
15.3 The Distribution of H2 in the Galaxy -- 15.4 Distribution of H2 in Other Galaxies -- 15.5 Clouds Classification and Statistical Properties -- 15.6 Mechanical Equilibrium of Molecular Clouds -- 15.7 Why the Clouds Where Stars Form Are Molecular? -- 15.8 Mechanisms of Molecular Cloud Formation -- 15.8.1 Formation of Clouds by the Compression of Ambient Gas Induced by Shock Waves -- 15.8.2 Cloud Formation by Agglomeration of Smaller Clouds. -- 15.8.3 Cloud Formation Through Medium Instability -- 15.8.4 Summary -- 15.9 Synthetic Summary -- References -- 16 Star Formation -- 16.1 Observational Data Related to Star Formation -- 16.2 Star Formation in the Presence of a Magnetic Field -- 16.3 The formation of Low-Mass Stars -- 16.4 Low-Mass Star Formation Scenario -- 16.5 Observational Findings -- 16.6 Synthetic Summary. |
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2. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9910787009703321 |
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Autore |
Islam M. Rafiqul |
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Titolo |
Unconventional gas reservoirs : evaluation, appraisal, and development / / M. Rafiqul Islam |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Waltham, Massachusetts ; ; Oxford, England : , : Gulf Professional Publishing, , 2015 |
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©2015 |
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ISBN |
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Edizione |
[1st edition] |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (633 p.) |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Note generali |
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Description based upon print version of record. |
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Nota di bibliografia |
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Includes bibliographical references and index. |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Front Cover; UNCONVENTIONAL GAS RESERVOIRS; Copyright; CONTENTS; AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY; Chapter 1 - Introduction; 1.1 SUMMARY; 1.2 UNCONVENTIONAL TO MAINSTREAM: A NECESSARY PARADIGM SHIFT; 1.3 THE PARADOX OF UNCONVENTIONAL GAS; 1.4 |
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GREENING THE FUTURE OF UNCONVENTIONAL GAS; 1.5 PARADIGM SHIFT IN RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION; 1.6 THE SCIENCE OF UNCONVENTIONAL GAS; 1.7 DEPICTING THE FUTURE; 1.8 THE END GAME; Chapter 2 - World Gas Reserve and the Role of Unconventional Gas; 2.1 SUMMARY; 2.2 PETROLEUM IN THE BIG PICTURE; 2.3 PETROLEUM RESERVE AROUND THE WORLD; 2.4 WORLDWIDE GAS RESERVE |
2.5 UNCONVENTIONAL GAS AROUND THE WORLD2.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS; Chapter 3 - Important Features of Unconventional Gas; 3.1 SUMMARY AND INTRODUCTION; 3.2 OVERVIEW OF UNCONVENTIONAL GAS RESERVOIRS; 3.3 SPECIAL FEATURES OF UNCONVENTIONAL GAS RESERVOIRS; 3.4 GLOBAL WARMING AND NATURAL GAS; 3.5 DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF UNCONVENTIONAL RESERVOIRS; Chapter 4 - Future Potentials of Unconventional Gas: Challenges and Opportunities; 4.1 INTRODUCTION; 4.2 LESSONS LEARNT FROM ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY; 4.3 CARBON SEQUESTRATION ENHANCED GAS RECOVERY; 4.4 ENHANCED GAS RECOVERY; 4.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
Chapter 5 - Reservoir Characterization of Unconventional Gas Formations5.1 SUMMARY; 5.2 INTRODUCTION; 5.3 ORIGIN OF FRACTURES; 5.4 SEISMIC FRACTURE CHARACTERIZATION; 5.5 RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION DURING DRILLING; 5.6 RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION WITH IMAGE LOG AND CORE ANALYSIS; 5.7 MAJOR FORCES OF OIL AND GAS RESERVOIRS; 5.8 RESERVOIR HETEROGENEITY; 5.9 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR SHALE; 5.10 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR COALBED METHANE; Chapter 6 - Scientific Characterization of Unconventional Gas Reservoirs; 6.1 SUMMARY; 6.2 INTRODUCTION; 6.3 SCIENCE OF NATURE VERSUS NATURAL SCIENCE |
6.4 DELINEARIZED HISTORY OF CHARACTERIZATION OF MATTER AND ENERGY6.5 CHARACTERIZATION OF EVERYTHING IN EXISTENCE; 6.6 ORGANIC AND MECHANICAL FREQUENCIES; 6.7 REDEFINING FORCE AND ENERGY; 6.8 WHAT IS A NATURAL ENERGY SOURCE?; 6.9 THE SCIENCE OF WATER AND PETROLEUM; 6.10 ORGANIC ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM; 6.11 PLACEMENT OF UNCONVENTIONAL GAS IN THE ENERGY PICTURE; Chapter 7 - Overview of Reservoir Simulation of Unconventional Reservoirs; 7.1 INTRODUCTION; 7.2 ESSENCE OF RESERVOIR SIMULATION; 7.3 RECENT ADVANCES IN RESERVOIR SIMULATION; 7.4 COMPREHENSIVE MODELING |
7.5 TOWARDS SOLVING NONLINEAR EQUATIONSChapter 8 - Economic Outlook and Conclusions; 8.1 SUMMARY; 8.2 ECONOMICS OF UNCONVENTIONAL AND ECONOMICS OF INTANGIBLES; 8.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS; REFERENCES; INDEX |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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Natural gas, especially unconventional gas, has an increasingly important role in meeting the world's energy needs. Experts estimate that it has the potential to add anywhere from 60-250% to the global proven gas reserve in the next two decades. To maintain pace with increasing global demand, Unconventional Gas Reservoirs provides the necessary bridge into the newer processes, approaches and designs to help identify these more uncommon reservoirs available and how to maximize its unconventional potential. Loaded with reservoir development and characterization strategies, this book will sho |
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