Global plant invasions / / edited by David R. Clements [and three others]

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910564699303321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2022]; ©2022
• ISBN: 3-030-89684-6
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (383 pages)
• Disciplina: 581.62
• Soggetti: Invasive plants
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- 1: Global Plant Invasions on the Rise -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Overview of Invasion Biology with a Focus on Plant Invaders: History, Concepts, and Definitions -- 1.2.1 Brief History of Invasion Biology -- 1.2.2 Defining Invasive Plants -- 1.2.3 The Plant Invasion Process -- 1.2.4 Recent Trends and Drivers of Plant Invasion Including Globalization, Increased Trade, and Climate Change -- 1.3 The Geography of Plant Invasions -- 1.3.1 The Invasion State of the World's Continents -- 1.3.2 Are some Areas Particularly Vulnerable to Invasions? -- 1.4 Assessing Invasive Plant Impacts -- 1.4.1 Social, Economic, and Environmental Impacts -- 1.4.2 Are Invasive Plants Really that Bad? -- 1.5 The Way Forward -- 1.5.1 Techniques and Global Strategies -- 1.5.2 Opportunities to Avoid a Future Planet of Weeds -- References -- 2: Invasion of Plant Communities -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 The Multistep Process of Invasion -- 2.1.2 Native Range Dynamics -- 2.1.3 General Theories of Plant Community Invasion -- 2.2 Modeling Efforts -- 2.2.1 Invasion Factors and Plant Traits -- 2.2.2 Invasion-Factor Framework Model -- 2.2.3 Application of Spatial Scales -- 2.3 Case Studies -- 2.4 Application of the IFF -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- 3: Development of Pathways of Global Plant Invasions in Space and Time -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Historical Developments of Introduction Pathways and Establishments of Alien Plants -- 3.2.1 Early Spread of Alien Plants -- 3.2.2 The 1st Wave of Global Spread (1500-1800): ; The Age of Exploration -- 3.2.3 The 2nd Wave of Global Spread (1800-1950): The Age of Industrialisation -- 3.2.4 The 3rd Wave of Global Spread (1950-Present): The Age of Globalisation -- 3.3 Visualising the Future of Plant Invasion Pathways.; 3.3.1 The Prominent Role of Horticulture in the Spread of Alien Plants -- 3.3.2 Management of Pathways -- 3.4 Conclusions -- References -- 4: Plant Invasions, Rising CO2, and Global Climate Change -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 CO2, Climate Change, and Plant Biology -- 4.3 Overview of Climate, CO2, and Invasive Plant Biology -- 4.4 Case Studies of Climate, CO2, and Invasive Plants -- 4.5 Climate/CO2 and Management of Invasive Alien Species -- 4.6 Uncertainties, Recommendations, and Critical Needs -- 4.7 Conclusions -- References -- 5: Plant Invasions in Asia -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Diversity -- 5.2.1 East Asia -- 5.2.2 Southeast Asia -- 5.2.3 South Asia -- 5.2.4 West Asia (Middle East) -- 5.2.5 Central Asia -- 5.2.6 North Asia -- 5.3 Distribution -- 5.3.1 Spatial Distribution -- Studies Involving Single Species -- Studies Involving Multiple Species -- Distribution of Globally Worst Species -- 5.4 Factors Governing Plant Invasions -- 5.4.1 Climate and Climate Change -- 5.4.2 Elevation Gradient -- 5.4.3 Ecosystem and Community Features -- 5.4.4 Infrastructure Development, Demography, and Economic Growth -- 5.5 Plant Invasions in Special Habitats -- 5.5.1 Protected Areas -- 5.5.2 Inland Aquatic and Wetland Ecosystems -- 5.6 Native Range and Introduction Pathways -- 5.6.1 Native Range -- 5.6.2 Introduction Pathways -- 5.7 Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts -- 5.7.1 Environmental Impacts -- Biodiversity and Ecosystems -- Impacts on Animals -- Impacts on Soil -- 5.7.2 Socioeconomic Impacts -- Agriculture and Aquaculture -- Human and Animal Health -- Economic Costs -- 5.8 Management -- 5.8.1 Physical Methods -- 5.8.2 Chemical Methods -- 5.8.3 Biological Control -- 5.8.4 Ecosystem-Based Approaches -- 5.8.5 Community Awareness and Public Participation -- 5.8.6 Policy Responses -- 5.9 Conclusions and Way Forward.; References -- 6: A Historical Perspective on Plant Invasion in Australia -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 History of Plant Invasions in Australia: An Overview -- Pre-1788 -- Post-1788 -- 6.2 Case Studies: Weeds of National Significance -- 6.2.1 Bitou Bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata) -- 6.2.2 Lantana (Lantana camara) -- 6.3 Case Studies: Weeds Not of National Significance -- 6.3.1 Prickly Pear (Opuntia inermis and Opuntia stricta) -- 6.3.2 Paterson's Curse (Echium plantagineum) -- 6.3.3 Prickly Paddy Melon (Cucumis myriocarpus) and Camel Melon (Citrullus lanatus) -- 6.3.4 Gamba Grass (Andropogon gayanus) -- 6.3.5 Kochia (Bassia scoparia) -- 6.4 Summary of Case Studies -- 6.5 Future of Plant Invasions in Australia -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- 7: European Plant Invasions -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Distribution of Naturalized and Invasive Alien Species Diversity Across European Regions -- 7.3 Socio-Economic, Biogeographical and Ecological Factors Underlying the Variation in the Levels of Invasion in European Regions -- 7.4 Sources of European Naturalized Flora and Exchange of Species With Other Continents -- 7.5 Historical Dynamics of Alien Plant Arrivals to Europe -- 7.6 The Most Widely Distributed Species -- 7.7 Taxonomic and Life History Structure of the Naturalized Alien Flora of Europe -- 7.8 Impacts of Alien Plant Species in Europe -- 7.9 Legislation -- 7.10 Conclusions -- References -- 8: Plant Invasions in North America -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 A History of Biological Invasions in North America -- 8.1.2 The Introduction of Non-native Species into North America -- Trade and Transport -- Agriculture, Horticulture, ; and the Aquarium Trade -- Land Use Change and Disturbance -- 8.2 Life History and Origin of Non-native Plants -- 8.3 Plant Invasions by Climate Zone.; 8.4 Impacts on Ecosystem Processes and Services -- 8.4.1 Hydrological and Fire Regimes -- 8.4.2 Consequences for the Displacement of Native Species by Non-native Plants -- 8.4.3 Impacts on Soil Properties and Nutrient Cycling -- 8.5 Policy and Legislation for Invasive Plants -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References -- 9: Plant Invasions in South America -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Data Sources -- 9.2.1 Main Patterns and Correlates of Naturalized Plants in South America -- 9.2.2 Status and Current Knowledge of the Most Relevant Invasive Plants in the Native Ecosystems of South America -- 9.2.3 Existing Legislation to Manage Invasive Plants and Invasion Processes -- 9.3 Main Patterns and Correlates of Naturalized Plants in South America -- 9.4 Status and Current Knowledge of the Most Relevant Invasive Plants in the Native Ecosystems of South America -- 9.4.1 Southern Argentina -- 9.4.2 Brazil -- 9.4.3 Ecuador -- 9.4.4 Venezuela -- 9.5 Existing Legislation to Manage Invasive Plants and Invasion Processes -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References -- 10: Biological Invasions by Plants in Continental Central America -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Diversity by Country -- 10.2.1 Belize -- 10.2.2 Guatemala -- 10.2.3 Honduras -- 10.2.4 El Salvador -- 10.2.5 Nicaragua -- 10.2.6 Costa Rica -- 10.2.7 Panama -- 10.3 Invasive Plants by Ecosystem -- 10.3.1 Agriculture Fields -- 10.3.2 Forestry Plantations -- 10.3.3 Tropical Dry Forests -- 10.3.4 Tropical Wet Forests -- 10.3.5 Highlands -- 10.3.6 Coastal Ecosystems -- 10.3.7 Wetlands -- 10.4 Policies and Management -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 11: Plant Invasions in Africa -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Methods -- 11.3 Results -- 11.3.1 Continental Patterns of Africa's Naturalized Plants: A Quantitative Analysis -- 11.3.2 Invasive Plants in Natural and Semi-natural Ecosystems.; The Distribution of Invasive Plants -- "Transformer" Invasive Plants in Africa -- 11.3.3 Impacts of Invasive Plants in Africa -- 11.3.4 Management of Invasive Plants in Africa -- 11.4 Discussion -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- 12: Island Plant Invasions -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Patterns on Islands -- 12.2.1 Plant Species Arrival and Diversification -- Remoteness and Modes of Dispersal -- Environmental and Habitat Filtering -- In Situ Speciation and Phylogenetic Diversity -- 12.2.2 Naturalization and Invasion -- Naturalized Species Richness Is Higher on Islands -- Introduction Effort -- Do Native Island Floras Provide More Opportunities for Invasion? -- The Role of Habitat Disturbance -- Nested Patterns of Invasion Between Islands -- 12.2.3 Impacts -- Are Impacts Stronger on Islands? -- Biodiversity Change Over Time -- Economy and Human Dimensions -- Impact Prediction on Islands -- 12.3 Opportunities -- 12.3.1 Preventing Invasions -- 12.3.2 Restoration and Control for Established Species -- 12.4 Conclusion -- References -- 13: Plant Invasions in Mountains -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Mountain Systems of the World -- Plant Invasions in Mountain Ecosystems -- 13.2 Temporal Trends and Geographical Distribution of IAPS Studies in Mountains -- 13.3 Patterns of IAPS Richness Along Elevation Gradients -- 13.4 Introduction Pathways to and Spread Within Mountain Regions -- 13.4.1 Human Colonization and Alien Plants in Mountain Regions -- 13.4.2 Intentional and Inadvertent Introductions -- 13.4.3 Local Dispersal -- 13.5 Drivers of Plant Invasions into Mountainous Areas -- 13.5.1 Plant Traits -- 13.5.2 Native Plant Diversity and Facilitation -- 13.5.3 Disturbances -- 13.5.4 Propagule Pressure -- 13.5.5 Climate Change -- 13.6 Impacts ; of Invasive Alien Plant Species -- 13.6.1 Impacts on Environment and Biodiversity.; 13.6.2 Impact on Ecosystem Services.

ANSI/IEEE C37.14-1979 : IEEE Standard for Low-Voltage DC Power Circuit Breakers Used in Enclosures / / IEEE

• Record Nr.: UNISA996279877603316
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Piscataway : , : IEEE, , 1979
• ISBN: 0-7381-4127-5
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (26 pages)
• Disciplina: 338.47621312
• Soggetti: Electric circuit-breakers - Standards; Electric circuits - Direct current; Low voltage systems
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Sommario/riassunto: This standard covers enclosed low-voltage DC power circuit breakers of the stationary or drawout type of single- or two-pole construction with one or more rated maximum voltages of 300 V, 325 V, 800 V, 1000 V, 1600 V, or 3200 V for applications on dc systems having nominal voltages of 250 V, 275 V, 750 V, 850 V, 1500 V, or 3000 V, with general-purpose, high-speed, semi-high-speed and rectifier circuit breakers; manually or power-operated; and with or without electro-mechanical or solid-state trip devices. It deals with service conditions, ratings, functional components, temperature limitations and classification of insulating materials, insulation (dielectric) withstand voltage requirements, test procedures, and application.