Crisis and escalation in cyberspace / / Martin C. Libicki

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910219977703321
• Autore: Libicki Martin C
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Santa Monica, CA : , : RAND, Project Air Force, , 2012
• ISBN: 0-8330-7679-5; 0-8330-7680-9
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (279 p.)
• Disciplina: 358.4/141
• Soggetti: Information warfare - United States; Escalation (Military science); Cyberspace - Security measures; Crisis management - Government policy - United States; Cyberterrorism - Prevention; Conflict management; Electronic books.
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: "Prepared for the United States Air Force."; "Approved for public release; distribution unlimited."
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references (pages 163-172).
• Nota di contenuto: Avoiding crises by creating norms -- Narratives, dialogues, and signaling -- Escalation management -- Strategic stability -- Conclusions and recommendations for the Air Force -- Introduction -- Some hypothetical crises -- Mutual mistrust is likely to characterize a cyber crisis -- States may have room for maneuver in a cyber crisis -- A note on methodology -- Purpose and organization -- Avoiding crises by creating norms -- What kind of norms might be useful? -- Enforce laws against hacking -- Disassociate from freelance hackers -- Discourage commercial espionage -- Be careful about the obligation to suppress cyber traffic -- How do we enforce norms? -- Confidence-building measures -- Norms for victims of cyberattacks -- Norms for war? -- Deception -- Military necessity and collateral damage -- Proportionality -- Reversibility -- Conclusions -- Narratives, dialogue, and signals -- Narratives to promote control -- A narrative framework for cyberspace -- Victimization, attribution, retaliation, and aggression ; -- Victimization -- Attribution -- Retaliation -- Aggression -- Emollients: narratives to walk back a crisis -- We did nothing -- Well, at least not on our orders -- It was an accident -- This is nothing new -- At least it does not portend anything -- Broader considerations -- Signals -- Ambiguity in signaling -- Signaling resolve -- Signaling that cyber combat is not kinetic combat -- Conclusions -- Escalation management -- Motives for escalation -- Does escalation matter? -- Escalation risks -- Escalation risks in phase -- Escalation risks for contained local conflicts -- Escalation risks for uncontained conflicts -- Managing proxy cyberattacks -- What hidden combatants imply for horizontal escalation -- Managing overt proxy conflict -- The difficulties of tit-for-tat management -- The importance of pre-planning -- Disjunctions among effort, effect, and perception -- Inadvertent escalation -- Escalation into kinetic warfare -- Escalation into economic warfare -- Sub rosa escalation -- Managing the third-party problem -- The need for a clean shot -- Inference and narrative -- Command and control -- Commanders -- Those they command -- Conclusions -- Implications for strategic stability -- Translating sources of cold war instability to cyberspace -- What influence can cyberwar have if nuclear weapons exist? -- Can cyberwar disarm another state's nuclear capabilities? -- Can cyberwar disarm another states cyberwarriors? -- Does cyberwar lend itself to alert-reaction cycles? -- Are cyberdefenses inherently destabilizing? -- Would a cyberspace arms races be destabilizing? -- Misperception as a source of crisis -- Side takes great exception to cyberespionage -- Defenses are misinterpreted as preparations for war -- Too much confidence in attribution -- Too much confidence in or fear of pre-emption -- Supposedly risk-free cyberattacks -- Neutrality -- Conclusions -- Can cyber crises be managed? -- A. Distributed denial-of-service attacks -- B. Overt, obvious, and covert cyberattacks and responses -- Can good cyberdefenses discourage attacks? -- Bibliography -- Figures -- Figure 1: Alternative postures for a master cyber narrative -- Figure 2: Sources of imprecision in tit for tat -- Figure 3: An inadvertent path to mutual escalation -- Figure A-1: Configuring networks to limit the damage of DDoS attacks -- Table -- Overt, obvious, and covert cyberattacks and responses.
• Sommario/riassunto: The chances are growing that the United States will find itself in a crisis in cyberspace--the escalation of tensions associated with a major cyberattack, suspicions that one has taken place, or fears that it might do so soon. Such crises can be managed by taking steps to reduce the incentives for other states to step in, controlling the narrative, understanding the stability parameters of the crises, and recognizing escalation risks.

Inventing intelligence [[electronic resource] ] : a social history of smart / / Paul Michael Privateer

• Record Nr.: UNISA996214585203316
• Autore: Privateer Paul Michael <1946->
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Malden, MA, : Blackwell Pub., 2006
• ISBN: 1-280-28595-8; 9786610285952; 0-470-79700-2; 0-470-75484-2; 1-4051-5230-3
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (282 p.)
• Classificazione: 77.32
• Disciplina: 153.909
• Soggetti: Intellect - History; Intellect - Social aspects; Electronic books.
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references (p. 248-260) and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Inventing Intelligence: A Social History of Smart; Contents; Acknowledgments; Introduction: The World of Intelligence; Part I The Renaissance Economy of Intelligence; 1 The Pre-Renaissance Tradition of Intelligence; 2 The New Landscape of Smart; 3 The First Smart Economy; 4 Renaissance Intellectual Trends; 5 Renaissance Philosophy and Fabrications of Intelligence: From Montaigne to Hobbes; 6 Smart Renaissance Science; 7 Profitable Knowledge and Intelligence Becomes a Career; 8 Intelligence and Dominant Renaissance Scientists; Part II Bright Lights, Fallen Apples, and Clinical Gazes: Intelligence and the Enlightenment9 Intelligence and the Enlightenment; 10 Illuminating Enlightenment Intelligence; 11 Enlightenment Insight: Fallen Apples, Social Mathematics, and a New Intelligence; 12 The Clinical Gaze and Human Normalization; Part III Modern and Postmodern Intelligence: Smart Architects, Smart Tools, and Smart Critiques; 13 Smart Architects and Contemporary Intelligence; 14 Smart Tools and Modern Intelligence; 15 Smart Critiques: New Sciences and New Mathematics; Conclusion; Bibliography; Index
• Sommario/riassunto: What is intelligence? What makes humans homo sapiens - the intelligent species? Inventing Intelligence is a bold deconstruction of the history of intelligence, bringing a cultural studies approach to this fascinating subject for the first time.