Guidelines for chemical reactivity evaluation and application to process design [[electronic resource]]

• Record Nr.: UNISA996212702603316
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: New York, N.Y., : Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, c1995
• ISBN: 1-282-81730-2; 9786612817304; 0-470-93805-6; 1-59124-629-6; 0-470-93804-8
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (240 p.)
• Disciplina: 620.0042; 660.2812; 660/.2812
• Soggetti: Chemical processes; Reactivity (Chemistry)
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references (p. 183-199) and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Guidelines for Chemical Reactivity Evaluation and Application to Process Design; CONTENTS; List of Tables; List of figures; Preface; Acknowledgments; Glossary; List of Symbols; 1. INTRODUCTION; 1.1 GENERAL; 1.2 CHEMICAL REACTIVITY; 1.3 DETONATIONS, DEFLAGRATIONS, AND RUNAWAYS; 1.4 ASSESSMENT AND TESTING STRATEGIES; 2. IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL REACTIVITY; 2.1. SUMMARY/STRATEGY; 2.1.1 Introduction; 2.1.2 Hazard Identification Strategy; 2.1.3 Exothermic Reactions; 2.1.4 Experimental Thermal and Reactivity Measurements; 2.1.5 Test Strategies; 2.1.6 Overview of Thermal Stability Test Methods2.1.7 Examples of Interpretation and Application of Test Data; 2.2 TECHNICAL SECTION; 2.2.2 Identification of High Energy Substances; 2.2.3. Hazard Prediction by Thermodynamic Calculations; 2.2.3.1 Oxygen Balance; 2.2.3.2 Calculation of the Reaction Enthalpy; 2.2.3.3 Application of Computer ; Programs; 2.2.4 Instability/Incompatibility Factors; 2.2.4.1 Factors Influencing Stability; 2.2.4.2 Redox Systems; 2.2.4.3 Reactions with Water; 2.2.4.4 Reactions between Halogenated Hydrocarbons and Metals; 2.3 PRACTICAL TESTING; 2.3.1 Screening Tests; 2.3.1.1 Thermal Analysis2.3.1.2 Isoperibolic Calorimetry; 2.3.2 Thermal Stability and Runaway Testing; 2.3.2.1 Isothermal Storage Tests; 2.3.2.2 Dewar Flak Testing and Adiabatic Storage Tests; 2.3.2.3 Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC); 2.3.2.4 Stability Jests for Powders; 2.3.3 Explosibility Testing; 2.3.3.1 Detonation Testing; 2.3.3.2 Deflagration Testing and Autoclave Testing; 2.3.3.3 Mechanical Sensitivity Testing; 2.3.3.4 Sensitivity to Heating under Confinement; 2.3.4 Reactivity Testing; 2.3.4.1 Pyrophoric Properties; 2.3.4.2 Reactivity with Water; 2.3.4.3 Oxidizing Properties; 2.3.5 Flammability Testing3. CHEMICAL REACTIVITY CONSIDERATIONS IN PROCESS/REACTOR DESIGN AND OPERATION; 3.1 INTRODUCTION; 3.1.1 Thermal Hazards: Identification and Analysis; 3.1.1.1 Cause, Definition, and Prevention of a Runaway; 3.1.1.2 Some Simple Rules for Inherent Safety; 3.1.1.3 Strategy for Inherent Safety in Design and Operation; 3.1.1.4 Equipment to be Used for the Analysis of Hazards; 3.2 REACTOR, HEAT AND MASS BALANCE CONSIDERATIONS; 3.2.1 Heat and Mass Balances, Kinetics, and Reaction Stability; 3.2.1.1 Adiabatic Temperature Rise; 3.2.1.2 The Reaction; 3.2.1.3 Reaction Rate; 3.2.1.4 Reaction Rate Constant3.2.1.5 Concentration of Reactants; 3.2.1.6 Effect of Surrounding Temperature on Stability; 3.2.1.7 Effect of Agitation and Surface Fouling on stability; 3.2.1.8 Mass Balance; 3.2.2 Choice of Reactor; 3.2.3 Heat Transfer; 3.2.3.1 Heat Transfer in Nonagitated Vessels; 3.2.3.2 Heat Transfer in Agitated Vessels; 3.3 ACQUISITION AND USE OF PROCESS DESIGN DATA; 3.3.1 Introduction; 3.3.2 Bench-Scale Equipment for Batch/Tank Reactors; 3.3.2.1 Reaction Calorimeter (RC1); 3.3.2.2 Contalab; 3.3.2.3 CPA ThermoMetric Instruments; 3.3.2.4 Quantitative Reaction Calorimeter; 3.3.2.5 Specialized Reactors
• Sommario/riassunto: Drawn from international sources, this book provides principles and strategies for the evaluation of chemical reactions, and for using this information in process design and management. A useful resource for engineers who design, start-up, operate, and manage chemical and petrochemical plants, the book places special emphasis on the use of state-of-the-art technology in theory, testing methods, and applications in design and operations.

Citizenship in Britain [[electronic resource] ] : a history / / Derek Heater

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910784464303321
• Autore: Heater Derek Benjamin
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Edinburgh, : Edinburgh University Press, c2006
• ISBN: 0-7486-7196-X; 9786610501557; 1-280-50155-3; 0-7486-2672-7
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (272 p.)
• Disciplina: 323.60941
• Soggetti: Citizenship - Great Britain - History; Political science - Great Britain - History
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Contents; Preface; Introduction; Chapter 1 Early constitutional and humanist themes; Chapter 2 The efflorescence of political thinking; Chapter 3 Fighting corruption and France; Chapter 4 Two generations of progress; Chapter 5 Two issues of status; Chapter 6 Focus on social citizenship; Chapter 7 Citizenship as a key concept; References; Index
• Sommario/riassunto: An introduction to the varieties of citizenship in Britain, from the Middle Ages to the contemporary times. This work introduces both the status and understanding of citizenship in practice and the theoretical and advisory writings on the subject, and explores their inter-relationships. It examines key themes like local and national strata.