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Contamination Control in Practice; Contents; Preface; 1 Contamination Control; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Contamination Control - A Holistic Technique; 1.3 Source, Dispersion and Deposition of Contaminants; 1.3.1 Dead Particles; 1.3.2 Microorganisms; 1.4 The World of Microorganisms; 1.4.1 Bacteria; 1.4.2 Algae; 1.4.3 Fungi; 1.4.4 Protozoa; 1.4.5 Viruses; 1.5 The Growth of Microorganisms; 1.5.1 Growth Systems; 1.6 Detection of Contaminants; 1.7 Dispersion and Processes; 1.7.1 Hygienic Design; 1.8 Choice of Cleaning Technique; 1.9 Conclusion; 2 Separation; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Separation Techniques |
2.2.1 Absorption Processes2.2.1.1 Gas Absorption; 2.2.1.2 Liquid Absorption; 2.2.2 The Adsorption Process; 2.2.3 The Sedimentation Process; 2.2.4 The Filtration Process; 2.3 Conclusion; 3 Filtration Technology; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Filtration; 3.3 Dead-end and Cross-flow Filtration; 3.4 Different Types of Contaminants; 3.5 Conclusion; 4 Microfiltration; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Coarse Filtration; 4.3 Clarification Filtration; 4.4 Polishing Filtration; 4.5 Microbiological Reduction Filtration and Sterile Filtration; 4.6 Conclusion; 5 Filter Mechanisms; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Mechanical Retention |
5.2.1 Surface Filters5.2.2 Pre-coat Filters; 5.3 Adsorptive Retention; 5.3.1 Retention Due to Inertial Impacting; 5.3.2 Retention Due to Diffusion Interception; 5.3.3 Depth-type Filters; 5.4 Conclusion; 6 Different Types of Microfiltration Filters; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 The Depth Filter; 6.3 The Membrane Filter; 6.4 Depth Filters with Fixed and Unfixed Pore Structure; 6.4.1 Particle Release; 6.4.2 Fiber Release; 6.4.3 Channeling; 6.5 Development Due to Increased Demands; 6.6 Conclusion; 7 Filter Rating; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Contaminants; 7.3 Removal Ratings; 7.3.1 Nominal rating |
7.3.2 Absolute Rating7.3.3 Titre Reduction; 7.3.4 Beta-Value; 7.4 Conclusion; 8 Choosing a Filter; 8.1 Introduction; 8.2 Dirt Collecting Characteristics; 8.3 Overall Process Demands; 8.4 Cleanliness Demands; 8.4.1 Sterility; 8.4.2 Industrial Cleanliness; 8.5 The Process Flow; 8.6 The Pressure of the Process Flow; 8.6.1 The Total Pressure; 8.6.2 Differential Pressure; 8.7 Viscosity of the Process Flow; 8.8 Compatibility and Temperature of the Process Flow; 8.9 Depth Filter or Membrane Filter; 8.9.1 Choice of Filter Type; 8.9.2 Hardware and Software; 8.9.3 Liquid and Gas Filtration |
8.10 Conclusion9 Sanitation and Sterilisation; 9.1 Introduction; 9.2 Chemical Treatment; 9.3 Hot Water Sanitation; 9.4 Steam Sterilisation; 9.4.1 Autoclaving; 9.4.2 Sterilisation in Place; 9.4.3 Single Filter System; 9.4.4 Steam Sterilisation of a Larger Process System; 9.5 Continuous or Batch Processes; 9.5.1 Over-dimensioning a Filter System; 9.5.2 Duplex System; 9.6 Conclusion; 10 Filter Testing; 10.1 Introduction; 10.2 Integrity Testing; 10.3 Principles of Integrity Testing; 10.3.1 The Bubble Point Test; 10.3.2 Diffusion Test; 10.3.3 The Volumetric Test; 10.3.4 The Pressure-hold Test |
10.3.5 Which Method to Use? |