The algorithmic beauty of plants / / Przemyslaw Pruskinkiewicz [et al.]

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910783136103321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: New York : , : Springer, , 1990; ©1990
• ISBN: 1-4613-8476-1
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (XII, 228 pages) : 14 illustrations
• Collana: The Virtual Laboratory
• Disciplina: 004
• Soggetti: Plants - Development - Mathematical models; Plants - Development - Computer simulation; L systems; Computer graphics
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: 1 Graphical modeling using L-systems -- 1.1 Rewriting systems -- 1.2 DOL-systems -- 1.3 Turtle interpretation of strings -- 1.4 Synthesis of DOL-systems -- 1.5 Modeling in three dimensions -- 1.6 Branching structures -- 1.7 Stochastic L-systems -- 1.8 Context-sensitive L-systems -- 1.9 Growth functions -- 2 Modeling of trees -- 3 Developmental models of herbaceous plants -- 3.1 Levels of model specification -- 3.2 Branching patterns -- 3.3 Models of inflorescences -- 4 Phyllotaxis -- 4.1 The planar model -- 4.2 The cylindrical model -- 5 Models of plant organs -- 5.1 Predefined surfaces -- 5.2 Developmental surface models -- 5.3 Models of compound leaves -- 6 Animation of plant development -- 6.1 Timed DOL-systems -- 6.2 Selection of growth functions -- 7 Modeling of cellular layers -- 7.1 Map L-systems -- 7.2 Graphical interpretation of maps -- 7.3 Microsorium linguaeforme -- 7.4 Dryopteris thelypteris -- 7.5 Modeling spherical cell layers -- 7.6 Modeling 3D cellular structures -- 8 Fractal properties of plants -- 8.1 Symmetry and self-similarity -- 8.2 Plant models and iterated function systems -- Epilogue -- Appendix A Software environment for plant modeling -- A.1 A virtual laboratory in botany -- A.2 List of laboratory programs -- Appendix B About the figures -- Turtle interpretation of symbols.
• Sommario/riassunto: The beauty of plants has attracted the attention of mathematicians for Mathematics centuries. Conspicuous geometric features such as the bilateral sym­ and beauty metry of leaves, the rotational symmetry of flowers, and the helical arrangements of scales in pine cones have been studied most exten­ sively. This focus is reflected in a quotation from Weyl [159, page 3], "Beauty is bound up with symmetry. " This book explores two other factors that organize plant structures and therefore contribute to their beauty. The first is the elegance and relative simplicity of developmental algorithms, that is, the rules which describe plant development in time. The second is self-similarity, char­ acterized by Mandelbrot [95, page 34] as follows: When each piece of a shape is geometrically similar to the whole, both the shape and the cascade that generate it are called self-similar. This corresponds with the biological phenomenon described by Herman, Lindenmayer and Rozenberg [61]: In many growth processes of living organisms, especially of plants, regularly repeated appearances of certain multicel­ lular structures are readily noticeable. . . . In the case of a compound leaf, for instance, some of the lobes (or leaflets), which are parts of a leaf at an advanced stage, have the same shape as the whole leaf has at an earlier stage. Thus, self-similarity in plants is a result of developmental processes. Growth and By emphasizing the relationship between growth and form, this book form follows a long tradition in biology.

Chemical metallurgy : principles and practice / / Chiranjib Kumar Gupta

• Record Nr.: UNINA9911020467703321
• Autore: Gupta C. K
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Weinheim, Germany ; ; [Cambridge], : Wiley-VCH, c2003
• ISBN: 9786610520343; 9781280520341; 1280520345; 9783527605255; 3527605258; 9783527602001; 3527602003
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (833 p.)
• Disciplina: 669/.9
• Soggetti: Chemistry, Metallurgic
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Chemical Metallurgy; Foreword; Preface; Acknowledgements; Appreciation; Contents; 1 Acquaintance; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Materials; 1.3 Some Characteristics of Metals; 1.3.1 General; 1.3.2 Electronic Structure; 1.3.3 Crystallography; 1.3.3.1 Crystal Systems; 1.3.3.2 Metallic Crystal Structures; 1.3.4 Alloying; 1.3.5 Mechanical Properties; 1.3.5.1 Elastic Deformation; 1.3.5.2 Plastic Deformation; 1.3.5.3 Creep Deformation and Fatigue Deformation; 1.3.5.4 Hardness; 1.3.5.5 Toughness; 1.4 Resources of Metals; 1.4.1 General; 1.4.2 Earth's Crust; 1.4.3 Minerals and Ores; 1.4.4 Rocks and Ore Deposits1.4.4.1 Igneous Processes of Rock and Ore Formation; 1.4.4.2 Sedimentary Rocks and Sedimentary Processes of Ore Formation; 1.4.4.3 Metamorphic Rocks and Ore Processes; 1.4.5 Other Resources; 1.5 Mineral Properties; 1.6 Mining; 1.6.1 Surface Mining; 1.6.2 Underground Mining; 1.7 Availability; 1.8 Resource Classification; 1.9 Minerals Description; 1.9.1 Molybdenum; 1.9.2 Nickel; 1.9.3 Niobium-Tantalum; 1.9.4 Rare Earths; 1.9.5 Uranium; 1.10 Extraction Flowsheets; 1.10.1 Features; 1.10.2 Process Routes; 1.10.3 Process Reactors; 1.10.3.1 Heat Sources; 1.10.3.1.1 Solid Fuels1.10.3.1.2 Liquid Fuels; 1.10.3.1.3 Gaseous Fuels; 1.10.3.2 Refractories; 1.10.3.2.1 Classification; 1.10.3.2.2 Physical and Chemical Characteristics; 1.11 Literature; 2 Mineral Processing; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Particles; 2.2.1 Particle Shape; 2.2.1.1 Shape Factor; 2.2.1.2 Qualitative and Quantitative Definitions; 2.2.2 Particle Size; 2.2.2.1 Particle Size Measurement; 2.2.3 Surface; 2.2.3.1 Permeability; 2.2.3.2 Gas Adsorption; 2.3 Comminution; 2.3.1 Fracture of Materials; 2.3.1.1 Fracture Mechanisms; 2.3.2 Energy and Power Requirements; 2.3.2.1 Energy Size Relationship2.3.2.2 Bond Law; 2.3.2.3 Crushing Efficiency; 2.3.3 Liberation; 2.3.4 Machine Selection; 2.3.5 Machine Types; 2.3.5.1 Crushers; 2.3.5.2 Grinders; 2.3.6 Circuits; 2.3.7 Operational Aspects; 2.4 Mineral Separation; 2.5 Fluid Dynamic Principles; 2.5.1 Particle Settling Phenomena; 2.5.2 Free Settling and Hindered Settling; 2.5.3 Particle Separation; 2.6 Classification; 2.6.1 Classifier Machinery; 2.6.1.1 Mechanical Classifiers; 2.6.1.2 Hydraulic Classifiers; 2.6.1.3 Hydrocyclones; 2.7 Screening; 2.7.1 Passage of Particles; 2.7.2 Ideal and Actual Screens; 2.7.3 Material Balances2.7.4 Screen Efficiency and Capacity; 2.7.5 Types of Screens; 2.8 Gravity Concentration; 2.8.1 Gravity Separation Machines; 2.8.1.1 Jigs; 2.8.1.2 Spirals; 2.8.1.3 Tables; 2.8.1.4 Heavy Medium Separators; 2.9 Magnetic Separation; 2.9.1 Magnetic Separators; 2.9.2 Principles; 2.10 Electrostatic Separation; 2.10.1 Electrostatic Separators; 2.11 Flotation; 2.11.1 Principles; 2.11.2 Flotation Chemistry; 2.11.2.1 Surfactants; 2.11.2.1.1 Frothers; 2.11.2.1.2 Collectors; 2.11.2.1.3 Regulators; 2.11.2.2 Sulfide Flotation; 2.11.2.2.1 Principles; 2.11.2.2.2 Examples; 2.11.2.3 Natural Hydrophobicity
• Sommario/riassunto: Chemical metallurgy is a well founded and fascinating branch of the wide field of metallurgy. This book provides detailed information on both the first steps of separation of desirable minerals and the subsequent mineral processing operations. The complex chemical processes of extracting various elements through hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical or electrometallurgical operations are explained. In the choice of material for this work, the author made good use of the synergy of scientific principles and industrial practices, offering the much needed and hitherto unavailable combination