"Oil and gas pipelines are most commonly used to transport oil and gas, and can also be used to transport ethanol, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. While an extensive pipeline network is an efficient and safe method of transporting petroleum and other products, several hazards and incidents, such as gas leaks, have raised environmental and social concerns. In response, more attention has been given to pipeline integrity management as a means for assessing and mitigating pipeline risks. Maintenance, repair, and monitoring of aging pipeline systems are integral for their continued operation and safety. The evolution of the pipeline industry has experienced many recent developments as a result of engineering advances, new standards and regulations, environmental requirements, and the demand for pipeline security and energy security during the energy transition"-- |