Electronic Structure Crystallography and Functional Motifs of Materials

• Record Nr.: UNINA9911019789603321
• Autore: Guo Guo-Cong
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Newark : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , 2024; ©2024
• ISBN: 9783527842339; 3527842330; 9783527842315; 3527842314
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (243 pages)
• Altri autori (Persone): JiangXiao-Ming
• Disciplina: 548.85
• Soggetti: Electronic structure; Materials science
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Foreword 1 -- Foreword 2 -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Chapter 1 Overview of Electronic Structure Crystallography -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 History of Electronic Structure Crystallography -- 1.1.2 The Beginnings of X‐ray Crystallography and Quantum Mechanics -- 1.1.3 The Nascent Period of Experimental Electronic Structure Research -- 1.1.4 Developments of Pseudo‐atom Models -- 1.1.5 Developments of Experimental Electron‐density Matrix Models -- 1.1.6 Developments of Experimental Electron Wavefunction Models -- 1.1.7 Developments in Electron Diffraction‐Based Studies of Electronic Structures -- 1.2 Basic Descriptors of Electronic Structure -- 1.2.1 Electron Density -- 1.2.2 Residual Density -- 1.2.3 Deformation Density -- 1.2.4 Electron Wavefunction and Density Matrix -- 1.3 Experimental Characterization of Electronic Structure -- 1.3.1 Experimental Electronic Structure Measurement with X‐ray Single‐crystal Diffractometer -- 1.3.1.1 X‐ray Source -- 1.3.1.2 Goniometer -- 1.3.1.3 X‐ray Detector -- 1.3.1.4 Cryogenic Systems -- 1.3.2 Key Aspects of Experimental Electronic Structure Measurement -- 1.3.2.1 Single‐crystal Samples -- 1.3.2.2 Measurement Process -- 1.3.2.3 Data ; Correction -- 1.3.2.4 Examination of the Quality of Electronic Structure Refinement -- References -- Chapter 2 First‐Principles Calculations of the Electron Density Functions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Basic Framework and Assumptions of the First‐Principles Calculations -- 2.3 Density Matrix and Density Function -- 2.3.1 Basic Definition -- 2.3.2 Electron Density -- 2.3.3 Momentum Density -- 2.4 Hartree-Fock (HF) and Kohn-Sham (KS) Methods -- 2.4.1 Basic Theoretical Framework -- 2.4.2 Periodic Solutions of Hartree-Fock (HF) and Kohn-Sham (KS) Equations.; 2.4.3 Calculation of Crystal Density Matrix and Density Function -- 2.4.4 Pseudopotentials -- 2.4.5 Basis Set -- References -- Chapter 3 Topological Indices and Properties of Electronic Structures -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Analysis of Topological Atoms in Molecules -- 3.2.1 Topological Description of the Electron Density -- 3.2.2 Gradient Vector Field and Topological Atoms -- 3.2.3 Bond Path and Molecular Topological Graph -- 3.2.4 Laplacian -- 3.2.5 Topological Properties of Chemical Bonds -- 3.2.5.1 Electron Density at Bond Critical Points -- 3.2.5.2 Bond Radius and Bond Path Length -- 3.2.5.3 Laplacian of Electron Density at the Bond Critical Points -- 3.2.5.4 Ellipticity -- 3.2.5.5 Energy Density of Bond Critical Points -- 3.2.5.6 Delocalization Index and Bond Order -- 3.2.6 Topological Atomic Properties -- 3.2.6.1 Atomic Charges -- 3.2.6.2 Atomic Volume -- 3.2.6.3 Atomic Kinetic Energy -- 3.2.6.4 Laplacian -- 3.2.6.5 Total Atomic Energy -- 3.2.6.6 Atomic Dipole Moment -- 3.2.6.7 Atomic Quadrupole Moment -- 3.2.6.8 Atomic Information Entropy -- 3.3 Chemical Interaction Analysis -- 3.3.1 Source Function -- 3.3.2 Electron Localization Function -- 3.3.3 Reduced Density Gradient -- 3.4 Coarse Graining and Energy Partition of the Density Matrix -- 3.4.1 Partition of the Density Matrix in Real Space -- 3.4.2 Energy Partition -- 3.4.3 Electron Population Statistics -- 3.5 Restricted Space Partition -- 3.5.1 ω‐Restricted Partition -- 3.5.2 Restricted Electron Population Analysis -- 3.5.3 Quasi‐continuous Distribution -- 3.5.4 Electron Localization Indicators (ELI) -- 3.5.4.1 Same‐spin Electron Pairs -- 3.5.4.2 Singlet and Triplet Electron Pairs -- 3.5.4.3 ELI in Momentum Space -- 3.6 Intermolecular Interaction Energy -- 3.6.1 Interaction Energy of Experimental Electron Density -- 3.6.2 Pseudoatomic Representation of Electrostatic Interactions.; 3.6.2.1 Multipole Expansion Approximation -- 3.6.2.2 Exact Potential and Multipole Moment (EPMM) Model -- 3.6.2.3 Promolecular Approximation -- 3.6.3 Non‐electrostatic Interactions -- 3.6.4 Lattice Energy -- 3.6.5 Interaction Energies Obtained from Experimental Charge Analysis -- References -- Chapter 4 Principles of Electronic Structure Measurement -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Thermal Vibration Analysis -- 4.2.1 Lattice Dynamics -- 4.2.2 Atomic Displacement Parameters -- 4.2.3 Rigid Fragment Analysis -- 4.2.4 Neutron Diffraction‐assisted Analysis -- 4.2.4.1 Temperature -- 4.2.4.2 Absorption -- 4.2.4.3 Extinction -- 4.2.4.4 Thermal Diffuse Scattering -- 4.2.4.5 Multiple Scattering -- 4.3 Scattering Experiments -- 4.3.1 X‐ray Diffraction -- 4.3.2 Polarized Neutron Diffraction -- 4.3.3 Compton Scattering -- 4.4 Refinement Algorithm for Experimental Electronic Structure -- 4.4.1 Least‐square Method -- 4.4.1.1 Mathematical -- 4.4.1.2 Least‐square Refinement of Structure Factors -- 4.4.1.3 Parameter‐estimated variance and covariance -- 4.4.2 Maximum Entropy Method -- References -- Chapter 5 Pseudo‐atom Models -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Independent Atom Model -- 5.3 Kappa Model -- 5.4 Multipole Model -- 5.4.1 Multipole Spherical Harmonics -- 5.4.2 Real Spherical Harmonic Density Function -- 5.4.3 Radial Distribution Functions -- 5.4.4 Multipole Model Framework -- 5.4.5 Aspheric ; Atomic Scattering Factors -- 5.4.6 Multipolar Model of Core Electron Expansion -- 5.5 Spin Density Model -- 5.5.1 Pure Spin Contribution -- 5.5.1.1 Atomic Orbital Model of Spin Density -- 5.5.1.2 Multipole Refinement of Spin Density -- 5.5.2 Spin and Orbital Contributions -- 5.5.3 Non‐collinear Magnetism -- 5.5.4 Combinatorial Refinement of Electron Density and Spin Density -- 5.6 Other Electron Density Models -- 5.6.1 The X‐ray Atomic Orbital (XAO) Model.; 5.6.1.1 Atomic Single‐electron Orbitals in a Crystal Field -- 5.6.1.2 Electron Density and Structure Factor -- 5.6.2 X‐ray Molecular Orbital Model (XMO) -- 5.6.2.1 Molecular Orbital and Electron Density -- 5.6.2.2 Structure Factors for Monocentric and Bicentric Terms -- 5.6.2.3 Processing of Temperature Factors -- 5.6.3 Molecular Orbitals with Variable Occupation Numbers Model (MOON) -- References -- Chapter 6 Density Matrix Model -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Density Matrix Model -- 6.2.1 Definition of the Density Matrix -- 6.2.2 Localized Model of the Density Matrix -- 6.3 Correlation of Density Matrix to Scattering Experiments -- 6.3.1 Dynamic Scattering Factor -- 6.3.2 Static Structure Factor -- 6.3.3 Elastic Scattering -- 6.3.4 Inelastic Scattering -- 6.4 Reconstruction and Refinement of the Density Matrix -- 6.4.1 Bayesian Method -- 6.4.2 Combined Refinement of Different Types of Data -- 6.4.3 Refinement of the One‐electron Reduced Density Matrix (1‐RDM) -- 6.4.4 Combinatorial Refinement of Structure Factor and Compton Profile Data -- 6.4.5 Spin‐resolved One‐order Reduced Density Matrix (1‐SRDM) Refinement -- 6.4.5.1 Basic Framework -- 6.4.5.2 Molecular Modeling -- 6.4.5.3 Magnetic Structure Factor and Magnetic Compton Profile -- 6.4.5.4 Variation of the Basis Functions -- 6.4.5.5 Variation of Spin Population Matrices -- References -- Chapter 7 Electron Wavefunction Models -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 X‐ray Constrained Wavefunction (XCW) Model -- 7.2.1 Mathematical Framework -- 7.2.2 Hirshfeld Atom Refinement -- 7.2.2.1 Selection of Wavefunction -- 7.2.2.2 Electron Density -- 7.2.2.3 Hirshfeld Atomic Partitioning Method -- 7.2.2.4 Calculation of the Structure Factor -- 7.2.3 X‐ray Constrained Wavefunction Refinement -- 7.2.3.1 Special Treatment for Thermal Vibrations -- 7.2.3.2 Density Matrix Representation of Structure Factor.; 7.2.3.3 Experimental Constrained Wavefunction Refinement -- 7.2.4 Open Shell System Method -- 7.2.5 Treatment of Relativistic Effects -- 7.3 The X‐ray‐Constrained Extremely Localized Molecular Orbital Method -- 7.3.1 Theoretical Extremely Localized Molecular Orbitals -- 7.3.2 Refinement of the Experimentally Constrained Extremely Localized Molecular Orbitals -- References -- Chapter 8 Functional Electronic Structures and Functional Motif of Materials -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Material Functional Motif -- 8.2.1 Crystal Structure -- 8.2.2 Electronic Structure -- 8.2.3 Magnetic Structure -- 8.2.4 Modulated Defects -- 8.2.5 Statistical Defects -- 8.2.6 Local Defects -- 8.3 Functional Electronic Structures -- References -- Index -- EULA.
• Sommario/riassunto: This book focuses on the electronic structure and functional motifs of materials, exploring both theoretical and experimental approaches in material science and chemistry. It covers the basic theory, experimental techniques, and refining models used to characterize the electronic structure of materials. The book emphasizes the role of X-ray diffraction and scattering methods in understanding material atomic arrangements. It aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the electronic structure, essential for the development of novel materials. The authors, Prof. Guo-Cong Guo and Prof. Xiao-Ming Jiang, contribute their expertise in structural chemistry and material science. This book is intended for researchers and professionals in the fields of chemistry and material science.

Britain and the American Revolution / / edited by H.T. Dickinson

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910971796203321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: London ; ; New York : , : Routledge, , 2014
• ISBN: 1-317-88267-9; 0-582-31861-0; 1-138-14018-X; 1-315-84037-5; 1-317-88268-7
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (297 p.)
• Altri autori (Persone): DickinsonH. T
• Disciplina: 973.3/1; 973.31; 973.321
• Soggetti: Public opinion - Great Britain - History - 18th century; United States History Revolution, 1775-1783 Foreign public opinion, British; United States History Revolution, 1775-1783 Influence; Great Britain Colonies America Administration; United States Foreign relations Great Britain; Great Britain Foreign relations United States; Great Britain Politics and government 1760-1789
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: First published 1998 by Addison Wesley Longman Limited.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Cover; Half Title; Title; Copyright; Contents; Preface; List of Abbreviations; List of Contributors; Introduction; 1. Britain and the Administration of the American Colonies; 2. Government Policy and the American Crisis 1760-1776; 3. Britain's Imperial Sovereignty: The Ideological Case against the American Colonists; 4. The Parliamentary Opposition to the Government's American Policy 1760-1782; 5. The British Public and the American Revolution: Ideology, Interest and Opinion; 6. British Governments and the Conduct of the American War; 7. Britain as a European Great Power in the Age of the American Revolution8. The Impact of the American Revolution on Ireland; 9. The ; Loss of America; Further Reading; Maps; 1. The American colonies; 2. Europe 1775-83; 3. Britain at war 1775-83; 4. The European theatre of the war; Index
• Sommario/riassunto: This is the first modern study to focus on the British dimension of the American Revolution through its whole span from its origins to the declaration of independence in 1776 and its aftermath. It is written by nine leading British and American scholars who explore many key issues including the problems governing the American colonies, Britain's diplomatic isolation in Europe over the war, the impact of the American crisis on Ireland and the consequences for Britain of the loss of America.