Lubricants from Renewable Feedstocks

• Record Nr.: UNINA9911019653903321
• Autore: Pradhan Subhalaxmi
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Newark : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , 2024; ©2024
• ISBN: 9781394173037; 1394173032; 9781394173020; 1394173024
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (514 pages)
• Altri autori (Persone): PrasadLalit; MadankarChandu; NaikS. N
• Disciplina: 621.89
• Soggetti: Vegetable oils; Green chemistry
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di contenuto: CoverImage -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Prospectus of Renewable Resources for Lubricant Production -- Abbreviations -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 History -- 1.3 Background of Biolubricants -- 1.4 Classification of Lubricants -- 1.4.1 Types of Base Oil Used -- 1.4.1.1 Synthetic Oils -- 1.4.1.2 Mineral Oil -- 1.4.1.3 Natural Oils -- 1.4.2 Physical State of Lubricant -- 1.5 Functions of a Good Lubricant -- 1.6 Renewable Sources for Biolubricant Manufacture -- 1.6.1 Jatropha Oil -- 1.6.2 Karanja Oil -- 1.6.3 Palm Oil -- 1.6.4 Rapeseed Oil -- 1.6.5 Castor Oil -- 1.6.6 Sunflower Oil -- 1.6.7 Soyabean Oil -- 1.6.8 Canola Oil -- 1.6.9 Coconut Oil -- 1.7 Physicochemical Properties of Bioderived Lubricants -- 1.7.1 Viscosity -- 1.7.2 Viscosity Index -- 1.7.3 Flash Point -- 1.7.4 Pour Point -- 1.7.5 Oxidation Stability -- 1.8 Chemical Modification of Vegetable Oils for Manufacturing Biobased Lubricants -- 1.8.1 Esterification/Transesterification -- 1.8.2 Partial/Selective Hydrogenation -- 1.8.3 Epoxidation -- 1.8.4 Estolide Formation/Oligomerization -- 1.8.5 Hydroformylation -- 1.8.6 Friedel ; Craft Alkylation -- 1.8.7 Ene-Reaction -- 1.8.8 Radical Addition Reaction -- 1.8.9 Acyloxylation -- 1.8.10 Metathesis -- 1.8.11 Advanced Raw Materials and Catalysts for Biolubricant Manufacture -- 1.8.11.1 Sesquiterpenes as Renewable Raw Materials for Base Oils -- 1.8.11.2 Iso-Stearic Acids -- 1.8.11.3 Enzymatic Catalyzed Biolubricants -- 1.8.11.4 Perfluoropolyalkylethers -- 1.8.11.5 Fatty Acid Isomerization Catalysts -- 1.9 Characteristics of Biobased Lubricants -- 1.9.1 Carbon Chain Length -- 1.9.2 Types of Fatty Acids -- 1.9.3 Polarity -- 1.10 Additives -- 1.10.1 Antioxidants -- 1.10.2 Detergents and Dispersants -- 1.10.3 Viscosity Modifiers -- 1.10.4 Nanoparticles -- 1.10.5 Pour Point Depressants.; 1.10.6 Corrosion Inhibitors -- 1.10.7 Extreme Pressure Additives and Anti-Wear Additives -- 1.11 Biolubricant Applications -- 1.12 Biodegradability and Ecotoxicity of Biolubricants -- 1.13 New Technology Developed for Manufacture of Biolubricants Based on Renewable Resources -- 1.13.1 Waste Oil/Fats -- 1.13.2 Microalgae -- 1.13.3 Fish Oil -- 1.13.4 Genetically Modified Oils -- 1.13.5 Synthetic Esters -- 1.14 Merits and Demerits -- 1.15 Scope and Challenges -- 1.16 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Extraction of Ester-Based Biolubricants from Vegetable Oils -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Prospects of Vegetable Oils in Context of Lubricant -- 2.3 Edible Oils as Biolubricant -- 2.4 Nonedible Oils as Biolubricant -- 2.5 Physicochemical Properties of Oils to Act as Lubricant -- 2.5.1 Viscosity -- 2.5.2 Viscosity Index -- 2.5.3 Flash Point and Fire Point -- 2.5.4 Cloud Point and Pour Point -- 2.5.5 Oxidation Stability -- 2.6 Production Methodologies Involved in Ester-Based Lubricants -- 2.6.1 Base Catalyzed for Transesterification -- 2.6.2 Acid-Catalyzed Transesterification -- 2.6.3 Enzyme-Catalyzed Transesterification -- 2.7 Chemical Modification and Biodegradability of Vegetable Oils -- 2.7.1 Transesterification -- 2.7.2 Hydrogenation -- 2.7.3 Epoxidation -- 2.8 Characterization Techniques of Ester-Based Lubricants -- 2.9 Challenges and Shortcomings of Vegetable Oils as Biolubricants -- 2.10 Factors Affecting Biobased Lubricants -- 2.10.1 Free Fatty Acid Content in Vegetable Oil -- 2.10.2 Types of Alcohols -- 2.10.3 Types of Catalysts and Their Concentrations -- 2.10.4 Reaction Temperature and Rate of Reaction -- 2.10.5 Alcohol to Oil Ratio -- 2.11 Hydrolytic Stability and Low-Temperature Properties- Role of Additives or Nanomaterials in Improvement of these Properties -- 2.12 Economic and Environmental Acceptability of Ester-Based Lubricants.; 2.13 Current Research and Development for Minimizing the Challenges -- 2.14 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Biobased Epoxide Lubricants -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Broad Categorization of Lubricants -- 3.2.1 Lubricating Oils or Liquid Lubricants -- 3.2.1.1 Animal and Vegetable Oils -- 3.2.1.2 Mineral or Petroleum-Based Oils -- 3.2.1.3 Blended Oils -- 3.2.2 Semisolid Lubricants or Greases -- 3.2.3 Solid Lubricants -- 3.3 Biobased Lubricants -- 3.3.1 Advantages -- 3.3.1.1 Low Toxicity -- 3.3.1.2 Spill Remediation -- 3.3.1.3 Superior Lubricity -- 3.3.1.4 Renewable and Farmer Friendly -- 3.3.2 Disadvantages -- 3.3.2.1 Oxidative Instability -- 3.3.2.2 High Pour Point -- 3.3.2.3 Price -- 3.3.2.4 Difficult to Recycle -- 3.4 Biobased Epoxide Lubricants -- 3.5 Modification and Application of Biobased Epoxy Lubricant -- 3.5.1 Biobased Epoxide-Diamine Coatings -- 3.5.2 Bio Oil as well as Biochar Loadings Over Epoxy Material -- 3.5.3 Lubricants Derived from Castor Oil's Fatty Acids with a Biobased Origin -- 3.5.4 Nanocomposites Toughened with Acrylated Epoxidized Castor Oil and Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol A -- 3.5.5 Passion Fruit as well as Moringa Oils and Their Epoxy-Based New Hydraulic Biolubricants -- 3.5.6 Biolubricants Originated from Enhanced Oxidation Stability of ; Waste Cooking Oil and Low-Temperature Properties: (2015) -- 3.5.7 Preparation and Tribological Studies of Green Lubricant Epoxidized Palm Stearin Methyl Ester -- 3.5.8 Preparation of Biolubricant Derived from Epoxy Canola Oil using Sulfated Ti-SBA-15 Catalyst -- 3.6 Physiochemical Characteristics of the Epoxide-Based Lubricants -- 3.6.1 Chemical Composition -- 3.6.2 Viscosity -- 3.6.3 Drop Point -- 3.6.4 Load-Carrying Capacity -- 3.6.5 Water Resistance -- 3.6.6 Corrosion Protection -- 3.6.7 Adhesion -- 3.6.8 Oxidation Stability -- 3.6.9 Standard for Validation.; 3.7 Environmental Acceptability and Economic Importance -- 3.7.1 Environmental Acceptability -- 3.7.1.1 Renewable and Sustainable -- 3.7.1.2 Biodegradable -- 3.7.1.3 Lower Toxicity -- 3.7.2 Economic Importance -- 3.7.2.1 Energy Efficiency -- 3.7.2.2 Reduced Maintenance and Downtime -- 3.7.2.3 Market Opportunities -- 3.8 Future Prospects -- 3.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Biobased Hydrogenated Lubricants -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Different Types of Oil and Fats -- 4.2.1 Saturated Fats -- 4.2.2 Unsaturated Fats -- 4.2.3 Trans Fats -- 4.3 Processing Techniques for Oils and Fats -- 4.4 Microalgae Oils: Some Considerations as Lubricants -- 4.5 Hydrogenated and Hydrogenation Lubricants -- 4.5.1 Hydrogenation of Alkene -- 4.5.2 Use of Ru-Supported Catalysts for the Hydrotreatment of Waste Cooking Oil -- 4.5.3 Production of Hydrogenated Lubricants from Biomass -- 4.5.4 Factors Affecting Synthesis of Hydrogenated Lubricants -- 4.5.4.1 Feedstock Composition -- 4.5.4.2 Hydrogen Source and Pressure -- 4.5.4.3 Catalyst Type and Concentration -- 4.5.4.4 Temperature and Reaction Time -- 4.5.4.5 Posttreatment Processes -- 4.5.5 Applications of Hydrogenated Lubricants -- 4.5.5.1 Automotive Industry -- 4.5.5.2 Aerospace Industry -- 4.5.5.3 Industrial Machinery -- 4.5.5.4 Food Industry -- 4.5.5.5 Medical Industry -- 4.5.6 Industrial Application -- 4.5.6.1 Agriculture and Chemical Industries -- 4.5.6.2 Industries of Petroleum Refining -- 4.6 Lubricants -- 4.7 Types of Lubricants -- 4.7.1 Mineral Oil Lubricants -- 4.7.2 Synthetic Oil Lubricants -- 4.7.3 Biodegradable Lubricants -- 4.7.4 Vegetable Oil Lubricants -- 4.7.5 Silicone Lubricants -- 4.7.6 Grease Lubricants -- 4.7.7 Graphite Lubricants -- 4.7.8 Aqueous Lubricants -- 4.8 Biolubricant -- 4.8.1 Vegetable Oil-Based Biolubricants -- 4.8.2 Animal Fat-Based Biolubricants.; 4.8.3 Synthetic Ester-Based Biolubricants -- 4.8.4 Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG)-Based Biolubricants -- 4.8.5 Water-Based Biolubricants -- 4.8.6 Biobased Hydraulic Fluids -- 4.9 Physicochemical Properties of Biolubricant and Reference Lubricant -- 4.9.1 Hydrolytic Stability -- 4.9.2 Viscosity -- 4.9.3 Thermooxidative Stability -- 4.9.4 Pour Point -- 4.9.5 Ecotoxicity -- 4.9.6 Biodegradability -- 4.9.7 Flash Point -- 4.9.8 Friction and Wear Properties -- 4.10 Catalyst -- 4.10.1 Homogeneous Catalysts -- 4.10.2 Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 4.11 Production of Biolubricant Using Conventional Catalyst -- 4.12 Transesterification of Vegetable Oils or Animal Fats -- 4.13 The Used Oil as Biolubricants -- 4.14 Using Additives to Enhance the Lubricant's Qualities -- 4.15 Applications -- 4.15.1 Food Processing -- 4.15.2 Marine Industry -- 4.15.3 Wind Turbines -- 4.15.4 Automotive Industry -- 4.15.5 Aerospace Industry -- 4.16 Use of Vegetable Oil without Modification -- 4.17 Reaction Pathways for Preparation of Biolubricants -- 4.18 Modifications -- 4.19 Production of Biolubricants -- 4.20 Biolubricants and the Environment -- 4.21 National Policy on Biofuels (2022 Amendment) -- 4.21.1 The National Policy on Biofuels has Undergone Significant Modifications, which have been Approved -- 4.21.2 Key Aspects of the Biofuels National Policy -- 4.21.3 Standards of Excellence and Ongoing Development for Biofuels -- 4.22 COVID-19 ; Impact on Biolubricants -- 4.22.1 Recent Development -- 4.22.2 Market Analysis and Size -- 4.22.3 Insights on the Market for Biolubricants -- 4.22.4 Segmentation and Market Scope -- 4.23 Conclusion -- 4.24 Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 5 Microbial-Based Biolubricants -- Abbreviations -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Developmental Methods for Microbial-Based Biolubricants -- 5.2.1 Microbial Feasibility for Biolubricant Production.; 5.2.2 Biolubricant Production by Esterification and Transesterification Processes.
• Sommario/riassunto: This book explores the production and applications of lubricants derived from renewable feedstocks. It covers various types of base oils, including synthetic, mineral, and natural oils, and discusses the physical and chemical properties of biobased lubricants. The work highlights the potential of vegetable oils like jatropha, karanja, and palm oil as sources for biolubricant manufacture. It delves into the chemical modification processes necessary for creating biobased lubricants and examines the environmental benefits and challenges associated with their use. The book is intended for researchers, scientists, and professionals in the fields of renewable energy and sustainable chemistry who are interested in the development of eco-friendly lubricant technologies.