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1. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9911124475503321 |
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Autore |
Mokhatab Saeid |
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Titolo |
Flow Assurance in Pipelines : A Reference Guide |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Chantilly : , : Elsevier, , 2025 |
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©2025 |
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ISBN |
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0-323-99389-3 |
9780323993890 |
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Edizione |
[1st ed.] |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (910 pages) |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Petroleum pipelines |
Pipelines |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Intro -- Flow Assurance in Pipelines -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- With contributions by -- About the authors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Part I: Fundamentals -- Chapter 1: Pipeline Transportation of Hydrocarbons -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Hydrocarbon production -- 1.2.1. Reservoir boundary conditions -- 1.2.2. Reservoir decline -- 1.2.3. Increment of gas-oil ratio -- 1.2.4. Reservoir pressure maintenance -- 1.2.5. Well nodal analysis -- 1.2.6. Produced water disposal -- 1.2.7. Delivery point boundary condition -- 1.2.8. Upstream processing -- 1.2.9. Production delivery to downstream processing facilities -- 1.2.10. Chemical injection -- 1.2.11. Midstream products -- 1.3. Types of wells -- 1.4. Hydrocarbon transmission -- 1.4.1. Flowlines -- 1.4.2. Other elements of the gathering system -- 1.4.3. Risers -- 1.4.4. Test line -- 1.5. Export pipelines -- 1.5.1. Gas pipelines -- 1.5.2. Crude oil pipelines -- 1.6. Pipelines layout -- 1.6.1. Environmental conditions -- 1.6.2. Bathymetry and terrain profile -- 1.7. Pipeline installation -- 1.8. Pipeline maintenance -- References -- Chapter 2: PVT and Phase Behavior of Petroleum Fluids -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Fluid composition -- 2.3. Phase behavior -- 2.3.1. Pure component -- 2.3.2. Binary mixtures -- 2.3.3. Multicomponent fluids -- 2.4. Classification of petroleum fluids -- 2.4.1. Oil systems -- 2.4.2. Retrograde |
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condensate gas -- 2.4.3. Wet and dry gas -- 2.5. Compositional analysis, PVT experiments and correlations -- 2.5.1. Definitions -- 2.5.2. Compositional analysis -- 2.5.3. PVT experiments -- 2.5.3.1. Flash vaporization -- 2.5.3.2. Differential liberation -- 2.5.3.3. Separator tests -- 2.5.3.4. Constant volume depletion -- 2.5.4. Black oil correlations -- 2.5.4.1. Bubble point pressure -- 2.5.4.2. Oil formation volume factor -- 2.5.4.3. Solution gas-oil ratio. |
2.5.4.4. Oil viscosity -- 2.6. Phase equilibria and equation of state -- 2.6.1. Equilibrium calculations -- 2.6.2. Cubic equations of state -- 2.6.3. Other equations of state -- 2.6.3.1. Statistical associating fluids theory -- 2.6.3.2. Cubic plus-association approach -- 2.6.3.3. Multiparameters equation of state -- 2.6.4. Multiphase isothermal flash -- 2.7. Fluid characterization -- 2.7.1. Critical and physical properties estimation -- 2.7.1.1. Critical properties estimation -- 2.7.1.2. Molecular weight estimation -- 2.7.1.3. Acentric factor estimation -- 2.7.1.4. Characterization methods based on PNA determination -- 2.7.1.5. Method selection -- 2.7.2. Splitting and lumping processes -- 2.7.2.1. Splitting process -- 2.7.2.2. Lumping process -- 2.8. Physical and transport properties -- 2.8.1. Density -- 2.8.1.1. Density determination -- Experimental measurements -- Estimation tools -- Correlations -- Equations of state -- 2.8.2. Enthalpy and heat capacity -- 2.8.3. Joule-Thomson coefficient -- 2.8.4. Speed of sound -- 2.8.4.1. Derived properties of a fluid -- 2.8.5. Viscosity -- 2.8.5.1. Hydrocarbon and gas viscosities -- Residual viscosity theory -- One reference fluid -- Two reference fluids -- Extended corresponding states (ECS) theory -- Lennard-Jones model for mixtures -- 2.8.5.2. Water and produced water viscosities -- 2.8.5.3. Oil-water emulsion viscosities -- 2.8.6. Thermal conductivity -- 2.8.6.1. One reference fluid -- 2.8.6.2. Extended corresponding states (ECS) theory -- 2.8.7. Interfacial tension/surface tension -- 2.8.7.1. Gas-oil surface tension -- 2.8.7.2. Oil-water surface tension and gas-water surface tension -- References -- Chapter 3: Hydrocarbon Flow in Pipelines -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Single-phase one-dimensional flow for uniform diameter pipeline -- 3.2.1. Continuity equation -- 3.2.2. Momentum equation. |
3.2.3. Energy equation -- 3.3. Two-phase flow -- 3.3.1. Two-phase flow occurrence during hydrocarbon transportation -- 3.3.2. Two-phase flow terminology -- 3.3.2.1. Mass conservation -- 3.3.2.2. Velocities -- 3.3.2.3. Densities -- 3.3.2.4. Mixture viscosity -- 3.3.2.5. Momentum -- 3.3.2.6. Shear stress and friction factor -- 3.3.2.7. Geometry -- 3.3.2.8. Pressure-drop -- 3.3.2.9. Heat transfer -- 3.3.3. Two-phase flow conservation equations-Integral models -- 3.3.3.1. Mass conservation -- 3.3.3.2. Momentum conservation -- 3.3.3.3. Energy conservation -- 3.4. Two-phase flow patterns -- 3.4.1. Gas-liquid flow in horizontal piping -- 3.4.1.1. Baker (1954) map -- 3.4.1.2. Mandhane et al. (1974) map -- 3.4.1.3. Taitel and Dukler (1976) map -- 3.4.2. Gas-liquid flow in vertical upward piping -- 3.4.2.1. Hewitt and Roberts (1969) map -- 3.4.2.2. Govier and Aziz (1972) map -- Flow pattern map examples -- 3.4.3. Gas-liquid flow in inclined piping -- 3.4.4. Gas-condensate flow regimes -- 3.5. Two-phase flow conservation equations-Differential models -- 3.5.1. Homogenous equilibrium model (HEM) -- 3.5.1.1. HEM mass conservation -- 3.5.1.2. HEM momentum conservation -- 3.5.1.3. HEM energy conservation -- 3.5.2. Drift-flux model (DFM) -- 3.5.2.1. Vertical upward pipe flow concentration parameter (any regime) -- 3.5.2.2. Vertical upward bubbly flow drift-velocity -- 3.5.2.3. Vertical upward slug flow drift-velocity -- 3.5.2.4. Vertical upward churn flow drift-velocity -- 3.5.2.5. Vertical upward annular flow drift-velocity -- |
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3.5.2.6. Horizontal pipe flow -- 3.5.3. Two-fluid model (2FM) -- 3.5.3.1. 2FM liquid-phase mass conservation -- 3.5.3.2. 2FM gas-phase mass conservation -- 3.5.3.3. 2FM liquid-phase momentum conservation -- 3.5.3.4. 2FM gas-phase momentum conservation -- 3.5.3.5. 2FM liquid-phase energy conservation. |
3.5.3.6. 2FM gas-phase energy conservation -- 3.5.4. Mixture flow (separate flow) model -- 3.5.4.1. Mixture model mass conservation -- 3.5.4.2. Mixture model momentum conservation -- 3.5.4.3. Mixture model energy conservation -- 3.5.5. Mechanistic models -- 3.5.6. Legacy models -- 3.5.6.1. Beggs and Brill (1973) model -- 3.5.6.2. Brill and Mukherjee (1999) model -- 3.5.6.3. Hasan and Kabir (2002) model -- 3.6. Heat transfer in pipelines -- 3.6.1. Internal heat transfer coefficient -- 3.6.1.1. Single-phase turbulent flow forced convection -- 3.6.1.2. Single-phase laminar flow forced convection -- 3.6.1.3. Two-phase disperse-bubble flow in horizontal pipe -- 3.6.1.4. Two-phase stratified flow in horizontal pipe -- 3.6.1.5. Two-phase slug flow in horizontal flow -- 3.6.1.6. Natural convection in stagnant fluid in horizontal pipe -- 3.6.1.7. Forced convection in vertical two-phase flow -- 3.6.2. External heat transfer coefficient -- 3.6.3. Buried pipelines -- 3.6.4. Insulation materials and coatings -- 3.6.5. Active pipelines heating -- 3.6.6. Predicting temperature profile of two-phase flow pipelines -- 3.7. Thermohydraulic simulations workflow -- References -- Chapter 4: Flow Assurance Concept -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Importance of flow assurance -- 4.3. Flow assurance principal constraints -- 4.4. Flow assurance tasks -- 4.5. Pipeline design -- 4.6. Pipeline operations -- 4.6.1. Normal operation -- 4.6.2. Transient operations -- 4.6.2.1. Well shutdown -- 4.6.2.2. Production and transmission system shutdown -- 4.6.2.3. Well start-up -- 4.6.2.4. Production and transmission system start-up -- 4.6.2.5. Flowlines cooldown -- 4.6.2.6. Changes in production rate -- 4.6.2.7. Pigging -- 4.6.2.8. Production system venting -- 4.6.2.9. Trapped fluid displacement -- 4.6.2.10. Line packing -- 4.6.2.11. Other transient operations in pipelines. |
4.7. Safe operation -- 4.8. Environmental concerns -- 4.9. Flow assurance methodology -- 4.10. Prework -- 4.11. Fluid sampling -- 4.12. Laboratory analyses -- 4.13. Concept definition -- 4.14. Flow assurance strategy -- 4.14.1. Prediction -- 4.14.2. Prevention and mitigation -- 4.14.3. Remediation -- 4.14.4. Optimization -- 4.14.5. Scenario modeling -- 4.14.6. Operability assurance -- 4.15. Flow assurance outlook -- References -- Part II: Fluid Related Risks -- Chapter 5: Gas Hydrates -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Hydrate thermodynamics and structures -- 5.2.1. Gas hydrate formation and stability zone -- 5.2.2. Where can gas hydrates form? -- 5.2.2.1. Drilling -- 5.2.2.2. Production and transportation -- 5.2.3. Common structures of gas hydrates -- 5.2.4. Hydrate formers -- 5.2.5. Other hydrate structures and structure transition -- 5.2.6. Hydration number -- 5.3. Water content determination of natural gas system -- 5.4. Predicting the hydrate stability zone and phase equilibria -- 5.4.1. Hand calculation methods -- 5.4.2. Computer aided-Thermodynamic modeling -- 5.5. Hydrate prevention techniques -- 5.5.1. Water removal -- 5.5.2. Pipeline system depressurization -- 5.5.3. Thermal methods -- 5.5.4. Chemical methods -- 5.5.4.1. Thermodynamic inhibitors -- Thermodynamic hydrate inhibitor selection -- Prediction of inhibitor requirements -- 5.5.4.2. Low-dosage hydrate inhibitors -- Kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) -- Antiagglomerants (AAs) -- 5.6. Case history -- References -- Chapter 6: Petroleum Waxes -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. What is petroleum wax? -- 6.2.1. Wax appearance temperature versus wax disappearance temperature -- 6.2.2. Pour |
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point -- 6.2.3. Wax precipitation and deposition -- 6.3. Phase behavior of wax in petroleum fluids -- 6.4. Measurement of WAT and WDT -- 6.5. Thermodynamic of wax precipitation -- 6.5.1. Thermodynamic modeling. |
6.5.1.1. UNIQUAC model. |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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Flow assurance is critical for effective design and operation of hydrocarbon production and transmission systems.The aim is to ensure safe and economical flow of hydrocarbon fluids from the source to the markets. |
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2. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9911019497403321 |
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Titolo |
Mantle convection and surface expressions / / Hauke Marquardt ... [et al.], editors |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Hoboken, N.J., : Wiley, 2021 |
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ISBN |
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1-119-52859-3 |
1-119-52860-7 |
1-119-52858-5 |
9781119528586 |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (513 pages) |
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Collana |
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Classificazione |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Heat - Convection, Natural |
Mantle plumes |
Surface fault ruptures |
Geodynamics |
Earth (Planet) Mantle |
Earth (Planet) Crust |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Note generali |
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Other editors: Maxim Ballmer, Sanne Cottaar, Jasper Konter |
"This Work is a co-publication of the American Geophysical Union and John Wiley and Sons, Inc." --on T.p. |
Includes bibliographical references and index |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Long-wavelength mantle structure : geophysical constraints and dynamical models / Maxwell L. Rudolph, Diogo L. Louren, Pritwiraj Moulik, and Vedran Lekic -- Experimental deformation of lower mantle rocks and minerals / Lowell Miyagi -- Seismic wave velocities in Earth's mantle from mineral elasticity / Johannes Buchen -- From mantle convection to seismic observations : quantifying the uncertainties related to anelasticity / Bernhard S.A. Schuberth, Tobias Bigalke -- Geochemical diversity in the mantle / Takeshi Hanyu and Li-Hui Chen -- Tracking the evolution of magmas from heterogeneous mantle sources to eruption / A. Mallik, S. Lambart, and E.J. Chin -- Super-deep diamonds : emerging deep mantle insights from the past decade / Evan M. Smithand Fabrizio Nestola -- Seismic and mineral physics constraints on the D" layer / Jennifer M. Jackson, Christine Thomas -- Towards consistent seismological models of the core-mantle boundary landscape / Paula Koelemeijer -- Dynamics of the upper mantle in light of seismic anisotropy / Thorsten W. Becker and Sergei Lebedev -- Mantle convection in subduction zones : Insights from seismic anisotropy tomography / Zhouchuan Huang and Dapeng Zhao -- The cycling of subducted oceanic crust in the Earth's deep mantle / Mingming Li -- Towards imaging flow at the base of the mantle with seismic, mineral physics and geodynamic constraints / Andy Nowacki and Sanne Cottaar -- Seismic imaging of deep mantle plumes / Jeroen Ritsema, Ross Maguire, Laura Cobden, and Saskia Goes -- Observational estimates of dynamic topography through space and time / Mark Hoggard, Jacqueline Austermann, Cody Randel, and Simon Stephenson -- Connecting the deep earth and the atmosphere / Trond H. Torsvik, Henrik H. Svensen, Bernhard Steinberger, Dana L. Royer, Dougal A. Jerram, Morgan T. Jones, and Mathew Domeier -- Mercury, Moon, Mars : surface expressions of mantle convection and interior evolution of stagnant-lid bodies / N. Tosi and S. Padovan. |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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"A multidisciplinary perspective on the dynamic processes occurring in Earth's mantle The convective motion of material in Earth's mantle, powered by heat from the deep interior of our planet, drives plate tectonics at the surface, generating earthquakes and volcanic activity. It shapes our familiar surface landscapes, and also stabilizes the oceans and atmosphere on geologic timescales. Mantle Convection and Surface Expressions brings together perspectives from observational geophysics, numerical modelling, geochemistry, and mineral physics to build a holistic picture of the deep Earth. It explores the dynamic processes occurring in the mantle as well as the associated heat and material cycles. Volume highlights include: Perspectives from different scientific disciplines with an emphasis on exploring synergies Current state of the mantle, its physical properties, compositional structure, and dynamic evolution Transport of heat and material through the mantle as constrained by geophysical observations, geochemical data and geodynamic model predictions Surface expressions of mantle dynamics and its control on planetary evolution and habitability The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals"-- |
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