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Carbonated Soft Drinks: Formulation and Manufacture; Contents; List of Contributors; Preface; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Early history; 1.2 The growth of carbonates - production; 1.3 Technological development; 1.3.1 Carbon dioxide; 1.3.2 Sweeteners; 1.3.3 Flavours and colours; 1.3.4 Packaging; 1.4 Recent technological development; 1.5 The growth of carbonates - consumption; 1.6 Changing public perception and future challenges; Acknowledgements; Bibliography; 2 Water treatment; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Water quality; 2.3 Town mains water; 2.4 Boreholes; 2.5 How to achieve the desired water quality |
2.6 Sand filtration2.7 Coagulation; 2.8 Alkalinity reduction; 2.9 Membrane filtration; 2.10 Chlorination and carbon filtration; 2.11 Iron removal; 2.12 Nitrate removal; 2.13 Polishing filters; 2.14 Ultraviolet systems; 2.15 Ozone technology; 2.16 De-aeration; 2.17 Factory water distribution systems; 2.18 Factory water systems; References; 3 Ingredients and formulation of carbonated soft drinks Barry Taylor; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Factors influencing development of the industry; 3.3 The move towards standardisation; 3.4 The constituents of a soft drink; 3.5 Water; 3.5.1 Requirements |
3.5.2 Quality of fresh water3.5.3 Water hardness; 3.5.4 Water treatment; 3.5.5 Water impurities and their effect; 3.5.5.1 Suspended particles; 3.5.5.2 Organic matter; 3.5.5.3 High alkalinity; 3.5.5.4 Nitrates; 3.6 Saccharides and high-intensity sweeteners; 3.6.1 Bulk sweeteners; 3.6.2 Intense sweeteners; 3.7 Carbon dioxide; 3.8 Acidulants; 3.8.1 Citric acid; 3.8.2 Tartaric acid; 3.8.3 Phosphoric acid; 3.8.4 Lactic acid; 3.8.5 Acetic acid; 3.8.6 Malic acid; 3.8.7 Fumaric acid; 3.8.8 Ascorbic acid; 3.9 Flavourings; 3.9.1 Flavourings and legislation; 3.9.2 Flavourings in application |
3.9.3 Water-miscible flavourings3.9.3.1 Flavouring mixtures; 3.9.3.2 Flavouring essence; 3.9.3.3 Flavouring extract; 3.9.4 Water-dispersible flavourings; 3.9.4.1 Brominated vegetable oil (BVO) emulsions; 3.10 Colours; 3.11 Preservatives; 3.11.1 Micro-organisms and beverages; 3.11.2 Sulphur dioxide; 3.11.3 Benzoic acid and benzoates; 3.11.4 Sorbic acid and sorbates; 3.12 More functional ingredients; 3.12.1 Stabilisers; 3.12.2 Saponins; 3.12.3 Antioxidants; 3.12.4 Calcium disodium EDTA; 3.13 Retrospective investigation of a soft drink; 3.14 Food safety; 3.15 Future trends; Bibliography |
4 Syrup preparation and syrup room operations4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Syrup composition; 4.3 Syrup rooms and proportioning systems; 4.4 The modern syrup room; 4.5 Instrumentation; 4.6 Sugar; 4.6.1 Sugar dissolving; 4.6.2 Liquid sugar storage; 4.7 Pre-mixes; 4.8 Pasteurisation; 4.8.1 Tunnel pasteurisation; 4.8.2 Flash pasteurisation; 4.9 Clean-in-place systems; 4.10 Process plant hygiene requirements; 4.11 Syrup room building design; 4.12 Future developments; 5 Carbon dioxide, carbonation and the principles of filling technology; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Carbon dioxide |
5.3 Production of carbon dioxide |