Weathering and Erosion Processes in the Natural Environment

• Record Nr.: UNINA9911019272003321
• Autore: Bahadur Singh Virendra
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Newark : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , 2024; ©2024
• ISBN: 9781394157365; 1394157363; 9781394157341; 1394157347
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (410 pages)
• Altri autori (Persone): MadhavSughosh; Chandra PantNaresh; ShekharRavi
• Disciplina: 551.302
• Soggetti: Weathering; Erosion
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Heavy Metals in the Sediment of River Ganga: A Review -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Source of Heavy Metals -- 1.2.1 Natural Sources -- 1.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources -- 1.3 Effects on Human Health -- 1.4 Status of Heavy Metal in the Sediment of River Ganga -- 1.4.1 Heavy Metals in the Sediment of River Ganga Before 2010 -- 1.4.2 Heavy Metals in the Sediment of River Ganga After 2010 -- 1.5 Comparative Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Sediment -- 1.6 Mitigation Strategies -- 1.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Synergistic Process of Weathering and Erosion: Techniques of Measurement and Their Significance -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Weathering and Erosion: Synergistic Approach -- 2.2 Method of Measuring Rock Surface Change -- 2.2.1 Measurement with Quartz Resistant Mineral Vein as Natural Reference -- 2.2.2 Measurement with Anthropogenic Features as Reference -- 2.3 Contact Methods -- 2.4 Noncontact Methods -- 2.4.1 Measurement of Surface Recession Rate Using Micro-catchement ; -- 2.4.2 Measurement of Surface Recession Rate by Using Rock Exposure Trial -- 2.4.3 Measurement Using Principle of Photogrammetry -- 2.4.4 Light Source-Based Techniques for Measuring Rate of Weathering -- 2.4.5 Measurement Using Cosmogenic Dating -- 2.5 Techniques of Measuring Subsurface Changes in Rock -- 2.5.1 Perpendicular Cut Technique of Rock to Surface -- 2.5.2 Technique of Strength Testing -- 2.5.3 Measurement for the Test of Porosity -- 2.5.4 Measurement for the Test of Internal Stress/Strain -- 2.5.5 Measurement Based on Moisture Content or Its Distribution -- 2.6 Techniques Based on Microscope for Measuring Rate of Weathering -- 2.6.1 Technique Based on Stereo/Dissecting Microscope.; 2.6.2 Measurement Based on Petrographic Microscopy of Thin Sections or Acetate Peels -- 2.6.3 Measurement Based on Confocal Scanning Microscopic Technique (CSML) -- 2.6.4 Technique Based on Structured Light Illumination Microscopy (SLIM) -- 2.7 Techniques Based on Infrared Microscopic Techniques -- 2.7.1 Technique Based on Fourier Transform Infrared Microscopy (FTIR) -- 2.8 Techniques Based on Electron Microscopic Techniques -- 2.8.1 Technique of SEM -- 2.8.2 Technique Based on Backscattered Electron Detection (BSE) or SEM with X-Ray Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) -- 2.8.3 Technique Based on Cryo-SEM (Low-Temperature SEM) -- 2.8.4 Technique Based on Environmental SEM/Variable Pressure SEM -- 2.8.5 Technique Based on TEM/High-Resolution TEM/FTIR Microscopy -- 2.8.6 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) -- 2.9 Techniques Based on Force Microscopy -- 2.9.1 Method Based on Scanning Force Microscopy (SFM)/Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) -- 2.10 Technique Based on 3D X-Ray Microscopy Computed Tomography (CT) -- 2.10.1 Measurement Based on X-Ray CT/Micro-CT/Nano-CT -- 2.11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Comparison of Major Hydrogeochemical Processes in Coastal Sedimentary and Hard Rock Aquifers of South India -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Study Area -- 3.2.1 Sedimentary Aquifer, Cuddalore District -- 3.2.2 Hard Aquifer, Tuticorin District -- 3.3 Material and Methods -- 3.4 Results and Discussion -- 3.4.1 Water Chemistry -- 3.4.2 Geochemical Classification -- 3.4.3 Gibbs Method -- 3.4.4 Statistics -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Textural and Mineralogical Signatures of Fluvial Sediments in Mountain Streams of Contrasting Climates in the Southern Western Ghats (India) -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Study Area -- 4.3 Methodological Framework -- 4.4 Results and Discussion.; 4.4.1 Spatial Variability in the Grain-Size Distribution of Fluvial Sediments -- 4.4.2 Mineral Assemblage of the Fluvial Sediments -- 4.4.3 Effect of Topography and Climate on Sediment Characteristics -- 4.5 Summary and Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Crucial Interplay of Microbial Communities in Controlling the Geogenic Processes -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Mechanical/Physical Weathering -- 5.3 Chemical Weathering -- 5.4 Biological Weathering -- 5.5 Weathering by Plants -- 5.6 Weathering by Animals -- 5.7 Microbial Weathering -- 5.8 Mechanisms of Microbial Weathering -- 5.8.1 Microbial Diversity Involved in Biological Weathering -- 5.8.2 Applications of Omics Technologies to Understand the Mechanism of Weathering -- 5.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Evolution of Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Vulnerability of Western Himalayan Lake Sukhna, India -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area -- 6.3 Data Used and Methodology -- 6.3.1 Data Used -- 6.3.2 Determination of Bulk Density, Dry Density, Moisture Contents -- 6.3.3 Measurement of Cs-137 Activity -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.1 Bulk Density, Dry ; Density, and Moisture Contents -- 6.4.2 Caesium-137 Activity -- 6.4.3 Sediment Deposition Profiles -- 6.4.4 Computation of Sedimentation Rate -- 6.4.5 Comparison with Garde and Kothyari (1987) Model -- 6.4.6 Analysis of Impact of Conservation Measures on Soil Erosion -- 6.5 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Author Contribution -- References -- Chapter 7 Geochemical Characterization and Baseline Determination of Trace Elements in Stream Waters from a Part of the Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Materials and Methods -- 7.2.1 Study Area -- 7.2.2 Hydrographic Characteristics, Land Use, and Climate Conditions of the Region -- 7.2.3 Geological Setting of the Region.; 7.2.4 Sampling and Analytical Methods -- 7.2.5 Data Preparation and Quality Control -- 7.2.6 Statistical Treatment of Data -- 7.2.7 Spatial Distribution Maps -- 7.2.8 Estimation of Geochemical Baseline Threshold Values -- 7.3 Results -- 7.3.1 Basic Statistics of the Water Quality Data -- 7.3.2 Seasonal Variation of Water Quality Variables -- 7.3.3 Spatial Distribution of Water Quality Variables -- 7.3.4 Multivariate Statistics -- 7.3.5 Estimated Geochemical Baseline Values -- 7.4 Discussion -- 7.4.1 Physicochemical Characteristics and Seasonal Variation of the Chemical Composition -- 7.4.2 Geogenic and/or Anthropic Influence on the Chemistry of Subbasin Surface Water -- 7.4.3 Comparison Between the Geochemical Signature in the Waters of MISB and Other Subbasins of IRW -- 7.4.4 Geochemical Baseline Levels in the Surface Waters of the Subbasin -- 7.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 Identifying the Footprints of Meteorological, Tectonic, and Anthropogenic Parameters on Sediment Transport in the Indus River System: A Review -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Geological and Tectonic Settings -- 8.4 Hydrologic Regime of the IRB -- 8.5 Climate Settings of the IRB -- 8.6 Precipitation in the IRB -- 8.7 Evaluation of Projections of Hydrometeorological Trends of the IRB -- 8.7.1 Evaluation of Temperature Trends and Projections in the IRB -- 8.7.2 Evaluation of Precipitation Trends and Projections in the IRB -- 8.7.3 Sediment Yield and Related Factors in IRB -- 8.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 An Implication of Enhanced Rock Weathering on the Groundwater Quality: A Case Study from Wardha Valley Coalfields, Central India -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area -- 9.3 Geology -- 9.4 Methodology -- 9.5 Characterization of the Groundwater -- 9.5.1 Hydro-Geochemistry -- 9.5.2 Metal Chemistry.; 9.6 Spatial Source Approximation -- 9.6.1 PCA -- 9.6.2 Interpolations of the Factor Scores -- 9.7 Temporal Approximation -- 9.7.1 Gray Sandstone (P1) -- 9.7.2 Carbonaceous-Micaceous Siltstone (P2) -- 9.7.3 Carbonaceous Shale (P3) -- 9.7.4 Pink-Colored Ferruginous Sandstone (P4) -- 9.7.5 Yellow-Colored Ferruginous Sandstone (P5) -- 9.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Soil Loss Rates in Trans-Himalayan Region: Case Study of Shyok Suture Zone, Ladakh, India -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Study Area -- 10.3 Data and Methodology -- 10.3.1 Rainfall Erosivity (R Factor) -- 10.3.2 Soil Erodibility (Factor K) -- 10.3.3 Crop Management (C Factor) and Support Practice (P Factor) -- 10.3.4 Topographic Factor (LS Factor) -- 10.4 Result and Discussion -- 10.4.1 Rate of Soil Loss and Spatial Distribution -- 10.4.2 Rate of Soil Loss in Rainfall, LULC, and Soil Texture -- 10.4.3 Rate of Erosion in the Himalayas -- 10.4.4 Comparison of Long-Term and Short-Term Rate of Soil Erosion -- 10.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Microbial Weathering of Rocks in Natural Habitat: Genetic Basis and Omics-Based Exploration -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Microbial Diversity of Extreme Habitats -- 11.2.1 Low-Temperature Regions -- 11.2.2 High-Temperature Regions -- 11.2.3 ; Mines -- 11.3 Factors Affecting Bio-Weathering -- 11.3.1 Physical Factors -- 11.3.2 Chemical Factors -- 11.4 Genes and Microbial Pathways -- 11.5 Microbial Interactions in Bio-Weathering -- 11.5.1 Biofilms in Microbial Weathering -- 11.5.2 Symbiotic Interactions in Microbial Weathering -- 11.6 Importance of Bio-Weathering -- 11.6.1 Soil Fertility and Plant Growth Promotion -- 11.6.2 Bioremediation -- 11.6.3 Biorestoration -- 11.7 Omics to Explore Microbial Weathering of Rocks -- 11.8 Conclusion and Future Directions -- References.; Chapter 12 Occurrence of Arsenic (As) in the Aquatic Environment Due to Weathering and Erosion.
• Sommario/riassunto: This book, edited by Virendra Bahadur Singh, Sughosh Madhav, Naresh Chandra Pant, and Ravi Shekhar, explores the processes of weathering and erosion in natural environments. It provides a comprehensive examination of the sources and effects of heavy metal pollution in river sediments, methods for measuring rock surface changes, and the interplay of microbial communities in geogenic processes. The work also includes case studies on the sedimentary and hard rock aquifers in South India and the vulnerability of soil erosion in the Western Himalayas. Aimed at researchers and professionals in environmental science and geology, this publication serves as a valuable resource for understanding environmental dynamics and mitigation strategies.