Guidelines for vapor release mitigation / / prepared by Richard W. Prugh and Robert W. Johnson for Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers

• Record Nr.: UNINA9911018906203321
• Autore: Prugh Richard W
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: New York, N.Y., : American Institute of Chemical Engineers, c1988
• ISBN: 9786612817434; 9781282817432; 1282817434; 9780470938379; 0470938374; 9780470938362; 0470938366
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (172 p.)
• Altri autori (Persone): JohnsonRobert W <1955-> (Robert William)
• Disciplina: 660.2/804
• Soggetti: Chemical plants - Environmental aspects; Petroleum chemicals industry - Environmental aspects; Vapors - Environmental aspects; Hazardous substances - Environmental aspects
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographies and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Guideline for Vapor Release Mitigation; CONTENTS; Preface; Acknowledgments; Summary; Glossary; 1. Introduction; 1.1 Objective; 1.2 Hazard of Accidental Vapor Cloud Releases; 1.3 Types of Vapor Clouds; 1.3.1 Flammable Vapor Clouds; 1.3.2 Toxic Vapor Clouds; 1.3.3 Flammable-Toxic Vapor Clouds; 1.3.4 Other Types of Vapor Clouds; 1.4 Forms of Vapor Release; 1.5 Release Causes; 1.6 Possible Consequences of Vapor Cloud Releases; 1.6.1 Toxic Effects; 1.6.2 Fires; 1.6.3 Explosions; 1.7 Analysis of the Need for Mitigation; 1.8 Vapor Release Mitigation Approaches; 2. Mitigation through Inherently Safer Plants2.1 Inventory Reduction; 2.2 Chemical Substitution; 2.3 Process Modification; 2.3.1 Refrigerated Storage; 2.3.2 Dilution; 2.4 Siting Considerations; 3. Engineering ; Design Approaches to Mitigation; 3.1 Plant Physical Integrity; 3.1.1 Design Practices; 3.1.2 Materials of Construction; 3.2 Process Integrity; 3.2.1 Identification of Reactants and Solvents; 3.2.2 Limits on Operating Conditions; 3.2.3 Process Control Systems; 3.2.4 Pressure Relief Systems; 3.2.4.1 Relief Devices; 3.2.4.2 Relief Headers; 3.3 Process Design Features for Emergency Control; 3.3.1 Emergency Relief Treatment Systems3.3.1.1 Active Scrubbers.; 3.3.1.2 Passive Scrubbers; 3.3.1.3 Stacks; 3.3.1.4 Flares; 3.3.1.5 Catchtanks for Vapor-Liquid Separation; 3.3.1.6 Incinerators; 3.3.1.7 Absorbers; 3.3.1.8 Adsorbers; 3.3.1.9 Condensers; 3.3.2 Emergency Process Abort Systems; 3.3.3 Emergency Isolation of Leak/Break; 3.3.3.1 Isolation Devices; 3.3.3.2 Remote Isolation.; 3.3.3.3 Inspection and Testing of Isolation Devices; 3.3.4 Emergency Transfer of Materials; 3.3.4.1 Transfer of Vapor/Cover Gas to Reduce Driving Pressure; 3.3.4.2 Transfer of Liquids to Reduce Inventory Available for Release3.4 Spill Containment; 3.4.1 Double Containment; 3.4.2 Enclosures and Walls; 3.4.3 Dikes, Curbs, Trenches, and Impoundments; 4. Process Safety Management Approaches to Mitigation; 4.1 Operating Policies and Procedures; 4.2 Training for Vapor Release Prevention and Control; 4.3 Audits and Inspections; 4.4 Equipment Testing; 4.5 Maintenance Programs; 4.6 Modifications and Changes; 4.7 Methods for Stopping a Leak; 4.7.1 Patching; 4.7.2 Freezing; 4.8 Security; 5. Mitigation through Early Vapor Detection and Warning; 5.1 Detectors and Sensors5.1.1 Types of Sensors; 5.1.1.1 Combustion; 5.1.1.2 Catalytic; 5.1.1.3 Electrical; 5.1.1.4 Chemical Reaction; 5.1.1.5 Visual; 5.1.1.6 Absorption/Scattering; 5.1.2 Response Time of Sensors; 5.1.3 Positioning of Sensors; 5.2 Detection by Personnel; 5.2.1 Odor Warning Properties; 5.2.2 Color or Fog; 5.3 Alarm Systems; 6. Mitigation through Countermeasures; 6.1 Vapor/Liquid Releases; 6.2 Vapor Release Countermeasures; 6.2.1 Water Sprays; 6.2.2 Water Curtains; 6.2.3 Steam Curtains; 6.2.4 Air Curtains; 6.2.5 Deliberate Ignition; 6.2.6 Ignition Source Control; 6.3 Liquid Release Countermeasures
• Sommario/riassunto: Guidelines for Vapor Release Mitigation is a survey of current industrial practice for controlling accidental releases of hazardous vapors and preventing their escape from the source area.