Neutron Imaging : From Applied Materials Science to Industry

• Record Nr.: UNINA9911009247603321
• Autore: Strobl Markus
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Bristol : , : Institute of Physics Publishing, , 2024; ©2024
• ISBN: 9780750344920; 9780750334969
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (472 pages)
• Collana: IOP Ebooks Series
• Altri autori (Persone): LehmannEberhard
• Soggetti: Neutron radiography; Materials science
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Editor biographies -- Markus Strobl -- Eberhard H Lehmann -- List of contributors -- Chapter History and basics of neutron imaging -- 1.1 First neutron images -- 1.2 Basics: the neutron -- 1.3 Context of neutron imaging -- 1.3.1 Neutron scattering -- 1.3.2 Complementarity to other imaging methods -- 1.3.3 In situ combinations with other (imaging) methods -- References -- Chapter State-of-the-art -- 2.1 State-of-the-art resolution -- 2.2 Applied contrast modalities -- 2.2.1 Conventional attenuation contrast -- 2.2.2 Diffraction contrast -- 2.2.3 Inelastic scattering contrast -- 2.2.4 Phase contrast -- 2.2.5 Dark-field contrast (small-angle scattering contrast) -- 2.2.6 De/polarization contrast -- 2.2.7 Resonance absorption contrast -- 2.3 Scattering imaging: scanning, gauging, 3DND-principles -- References -- Chapter Construction materials -- 3.1 Cement-based materials -- 3.1.1 Cement-based materials in hardened state -- 3.1.2 Early age cement-based materials -- 3.1.3 Reinforced concrete -- 3.2 Other construction materials -- 3.2.1 Masonry and other porous construction materials -- 3.2.2 Bitumens and asphalts -- References -- Chapter Nuclear materials -- 4.1 Nuclear fuels -- 4.1.1 Fresh fuel elements -- 4.1.2 Post-irradiation examinations -- 4.1.3 Fuel enrichment and isotopic distribution -- 4.2 Structural materials for nuclear applications -- 4.2.1 Zirconium alloys -- 4.2.2 Oxidation-; hydrogen uptake mechanism -- 4.2.3 Kinetics of hydrogen uptake and diffusion, in situ investigations -- 4.2.4 High-resolution neutron imaging, HR-NI -- 4.2.5 Improvement of hydrogen quantification sensitivity -- 4.2.6 The characterization of irradiated Zr-claddings -- 4.2.7 Characterization of Zr microstructure and texture with neutron imaging -- 4.2.8 Effect of microstructure on the diffusion of hydrogen.; 4.2.9 Influence of stress on hydrogen diffusion and hydrides precipitation -- 4.2.10 Delayed hydride cracking -- 4.2.11 Other structural materials -- 4.3 Reactor cooling and safety -- 4.4 Nuclear waste studies -- References -- Chapter Engineering -- 5.1 Hydrogen uptake in steels -- 5.2 Adhesive connections -- 5.3 Cracks in engineering components -- 5.4 Internal channels and complex structures -- 5.5 Deformation tests -- 5.6 Unveiling phases by advanced neutron imaging -- 5.7 Residual strains in engineering components -- 5.8 Crystallographic texture -- References -- Chapter Manufacturing -- 6.1 Soldering-brazing -- 6.2 Welding -- 6.3 Additive manufacturing -- 6.3.1 Imaging crystal structures -- 6.3.2 Imaging strain -- 6.3.3 Imaging defects -- 6.3.4 Imaging crystallographic texture -- 6.4 Single crystals and oligocrystals -- 6.5 Cold forming processes and tribological manufacturing methods -- 6.6 Sintered powders -- 6.7 Liquid metals -- References -- Chapter Processes in soil and plants -- 7.1 Water -- 7.2 Vadose zone hydrology -- 7.2.1 Static quantification of soil water content and soil organic matter -- 7.2.2 Flow and transport in porous media -- 7.2.3 Evaporation -- 7.2.4 Undisturbed and structured soils -- 7.3 Rhizosphere water dynamics -- 7.3.1 Root water uptake and flow in plants -- 7.3.2 Root growth and nutrition or pollution transport -- 7.3.3 Water dynamics in the shoot system and transpiration -- References -- Chapter Neutron imaging and wood -- 8.1 Neutron imaging and wood-theoretical considerations -- 8.2 Wood structure -- 8.3 Wood and adhesives -- 8.4 Wood and water -- 8.4.1 Determination of moisture content -- 8.4.2 Methods for determination of moisture content -- 8.4.3 Neutron imaging as a non-destructive testing method for the localization and quantification of wood moisture contents -- 8.5 Wood modification.; 8.6 Wooden cultural heritage -- References -- Chapter Geology -- 9.1 Characterization of geomaterials -- 9.2 Dynamic processes in geomaterials -- 9.2.1 Rock hydrology and solute transport -- 9.2.2 Mechanics -- 9.2.3 Hydro-thermo-chemo-mechanically coupled processes -- 9.3 Outlook -- References -- Chapter Fuel cells and electrolysers -- 10.1 Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) -- 10.1.1 PEFC basics -- 10.1.2 Water in gas flow channels -- 10.1.3 Water in porous media -- 10.1.4 Distinction of liquid water and ice -- 10.2 Polymer electrolyte water electrolyzers (PEWEs) -- 10.2.1 PEWE basics -- 10.2.2 Water/gas distribution in flow channels -- 10.2.3 Water/gas distribution in porous media -- 10.2.4 Cation contamination -- 10.3 Solide oxide cells (SOC) -- 10.3.1 SOC basics -- 10.3.2 Redox behaviour of NiO-YSZ SOC anodes -- References -- Chapter Batteries -- 11.1 Visualization of lithium distribution in different battery technologies -- 11.1.1 Lithium plating -- 11.1.2 Lithium distribution in lithium-air batteries -- 11.1.3 Lithium distribution in intercalation materials -- 11.1.4 Li concentration in electrolytes -- 11.2 Mapping lithiation phases -- 11.3 Distribution and properties of the electrolyte -- 11.3.1 Dynamics of electrolyte filling of Li-ion batteries -- 11.3.2 Physico-chemical properties of electrolytes -- References -- Chapter Hydrogen economy -- 12.1 Hydrogen storage -- 12.1.1 Hydrogen storage in metal hydrides -- 12.1.2 Upscaling of metal hydride storage tanks -- 12.1.3 Hydrogen storage in porous media -- 12.1.4 Hydrogen in thin films -- 12.2 Catalysis -- 12.2.1 Elementary reactions on ; hydrogenation catalysts -- 12.2.2 Mass transport in catalysts and reactors -- References -- Chapter Magnetism -- 13.1 Soft magnetic materials -- 13.2 Ferromagnetic phase transitions -- 13.3 Superconductors and Skyrmion systems.; 13.4 Macroscopic magnetic fields and devices -- References -- Chapter Soft matter -- 14.1 Foams -- 14.1.1 Polymere foaming -- 14.1.2 Aqueous foams -- 14.2 Gels -- 14.3 Food -- 14.4 Physical chemistry and rheology -- References -- Chapter Cultural heritage -- 15.1 Historic artworks -- 15.1.1 Studies about bronze artefacts from the Roman period, found in parts of Switzerland -- 15.1.2 Tomography studies of renaissance bronzes from the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, the Netherlands -- 15.1.3 Observation of the hidden content of Buddhist sacral figures of Tibetan origin -- 15.1.4 Preliminary studies about the casting methods in Southern India Chola bronze statues -- 15.2 Historic weapons -- 15.2.1 Neutron imaging capability to reveal morphological and microstructural features in iron and steel historical artefacts -- 15.2.2 The Swiss Degen-combining x-ray and neutron tomography data for the investigation of a mixed-material object -- 15.3 Relics and human bones -- References -- Chapter Natural heritage -- 16.1 Fossils -- 16.2 Dendrochronology -- 16.3 Meteorites -- 16.4 Gemmology -- References -- Chapter Conservation -- 17.1 Neutron imaging as a tool in conservation work -- 17.2 Block excavations of find objects -- 17.3 The gladius from Vindonissa -- 17.4 The 'violinist' from P Gargallo -- 17.5 Wood conservation -- 17.6 Stone conservation/consolidants -- 17.7 Paintings-monitoring of moisture content changes in canvas -- 17.8 Brass wind instruments-handling of historical objects -- 17.9 Appraisal of the effectivity of conservation treatment -- References -- Chapter Industry -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Automotive -- 18.2.1 Fuel injection -- 18.2.2 Carburetors -- 18.2.3 Particulate filters -- 18.2.4 Electric motors -- 18.3 Lubrication -- 18.4 Pharmaceutical industry -- 18.5 Aerospace -- 18.5.1 Aircraft structures -- 18.5.2 Turbine blade inspection.; 18.5.3 Inspection of initiators for aerospace mission -- 18.6 Ceramics -- 18.7 Bonding -- 18.7.1 Adhesive connections -- 18.7.2 Brazing, soldering -- 18.7.3 Welding -- 18.8 Additional topics with relevance for industry -- 18.9 Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter Instruments and methods -- 19.1 Instruments at continuous and pulsed sources -- 19.2 Instruments with cold/thermal/fast neutrons -- 19.2.1 Thermal neutron imaging beamlines -- 19.2.2 Cold neutron imaging beamlines -- 19.3 Detector technology -- 19.4 Monochromatization -- 19.4.1 Velocity selectors -- 19.4.2 Crystal monochromators -- 19.5 The time-of-flight technique -- 19.5.1 ToF at short pulse sources -- 19.5.2 ToF at long pulse sources -- 19.5.3 ToF at continuous sources -- 19.6 Polarization -- 19.7 Beam modulation techniques for differential phase and dark-field imaging -- 19.7.1 Talbot-Lau interferometer -- 19.7.2 Far-field interferometer -- 19.7.3 Single grating -- 19.7.4 Spin-echo modulation -- 19.8 Complementary x-ray installation -- 19.9 Diffraction detectors -- 19.10 Infrastructure -- 19.10.1 Instrument -- 19.10.2 Sample environment -- 19.10.3 Safety -- References -- Chapter Image processing and software -- 20.1 Typical image processing workflows -- 20.1.1 Normalization -- 20.1.2 Noise and artefact reduction -- 20.1.3 Tomography reconstruction -- 20.1.4 Experiment specific analysis -- 20.2 Computed tomography -- 20.2.1 Iterative reconstruction techniques -- 20.2.2 Time series tomography -- 20.2.3 Tomography with limited data -- 20.3 Image artefacts -- 20.3.1 Noise in neutron images -- 20.3.2 Spots -- 20.3.3 Rings -- 20.3.4 Scattering and beam hardening -- 20.3.5 Detector lag -- 20.3.6 Motion artefacts ; -- 20.3.7 Errors introduced by incorrect geometry calibration -- 20.3.8 Beam divergence -- 20.4 Analyzing neutron images and modelling -- 20.4.1 Visual analysis.; 20.4.2 Interpreting the grey levels.
• Sommario/riassunto: This book introduces neutron imaging with a focus on its applications in academic and industrial applied materials science to provide an inspiring overview of the potential of the method.

Analytic Function Theory of Several Variables : Elements of Oka’s Coherence / / by Junjiro Noguchi

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910254094803321
• Autore: Noguchi Junjiro
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Singapore : , : Springer Nature Singapore : , : Imprint : Springer, , 2016
• ISBN: 981-10-0291-6
• Edizione: [1st ed. 2016.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (XVIII, 397 p. 28 illus., 27 illus. in color.)
• Disciplina: 515.94
• Soggetti: Functions of complex variables; Algebra, Homological; Geometry, Algebraic; Several Complex Variables and Analytic Spaces; Category Theory, Homological Algebra; Algebraic Geometry
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di contenuto: Holomorphic Functions -- Oka's First Coherence Theorem -- Sheaf Cohomology -- Holomorphically Convex Domains and Oka--Cartan's Fundamental Theorem -- Domains of Holomorphy -- Analytic Sets and Complex Spaces -- Pseudoconvex Domains and Oka's Theorem -- Cohomology of Coherent Sheaves and Kodaira's Embedding Theorem -- On Coherence -- Appendix -- References -- Index -- Symbols.
• Sommario/riassunto: The purpose of this book is to present the classical analytic function theory of several variables as a standard subject in a course of mathematics after learning the elementary materials (sets, general ; topology, algebra, one complex variable). This includes the essential parts of Grauert–Remmert's two volumes, GL227(236) (Theory of Stein spaces) and GL265 (Coherent analytic sheaves) with a lowering of the level for novice graduate students (here, Grauert's direct image theorem is limited to the case of finite maps). The core of the theory is "Oka's Coherence", found and proved by Kiyoshi Oka. It is indispensable, not only in the study of complex analysis and complex geometry, but also in a large area of modern mathematics. In this book, just after an introductory chapter on holomorphic functions (Chap. 1), we prove Oka's First Coherence Theorem for holomorphic functions in Chap. 2. This defines a unique character of the book compared with other books on this subject, in which the notion of coherence appears much later. The present book, consisting of nine chapters, gives complete treatments of the following items: Coherence of sheaves of holomorphic functions (Chap. 2); Oka–Cartan's Fundamental Theorem (Chap. 4); Coherence of ideal sheaves of complex analytic subsets (Chap. 6); Coherence of the normalization sheaves of complex spaces (Chap. 6); Grauert's Finiteness Theorem (Chaps. 7, 8); Oka's Theorem for Riemann domains (Chap. 8). The theories of sheaf cohomology and domains of holomorphy are also presented (Chaps. 3, 5). Chapter 6 deals with the theory of complex analytic subsets. Chapter 8 is devoted to the applications of formerly obtained results, proving Cartan–Serre's Theorem and Kodaira's Embedding Theorem. In Chap. 9, we discuss the historical development of "Coherence". It is difficult to find a book at this level that treats all of the above subjects in a completely self-contained manner. In the present volume, a number of classical proofs are improved and simplified, so that the contents are easily accessible for beginning graduate students.