Le droit anglais des societes anonymes / Andre Tunc

• Record Nr.: UNINA990007718180403321
• Autore: Tunc, André <1917-1999>
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Paris : Dalloz, 1978
• Edizione: [2. ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 271 p. ; 24 cm
• Disciplina: 346.07
• Locazione: DDCP
• Collocazione: 3-D-19
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Italiano
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia

Radiation thermometry : fundamentals and applications in the petrochemical industry / / Peter Saunders

• Record Nr.: UNINA9911004811403321
• Autore: Saunders Peter
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Bellingham, Wash., : SPIE Press, c2007
• ISBN: 9781615837267; 1615837264; 9780819481153; 0819481157
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (175 p.)
• Collana: Tutorial texts series ; ; v. TT 78
• Disciplina: 665.5/3
• Soggetti: Radiation pyrometers; Temperature measurements; Petroleum chemicals industry
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Preface -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- 1.1. The importance of temperature measurement -- 1.2. Why use radiation thermometry? -- Chapter 2. Radiation thermometry principles -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Heat transfer. 2.2.1. Conduction; 2.2.2. Convection; 2.2.3. Radiation; 2.2.4. Combined effects -- 2.3. Blackbody radiation. 2.3.1. Planck's law; 2.3.2. Wien's displacement law; 2.3.3. Approximations to Planck's law; 2.3.4. Total radiation and the Stefan-Boltzmann law -- 2.4. Emissivity -- 2.5. Reflected radiation. 2.5.1. Bi-directional reflectance -- 2.6. Absorption, emission, and scattering of radiation -- Chapter 3. Radiation thermometers -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Spectral-band thermometers. 3.2.1. Spectral responsivity; 3.2.2. Output signal; 3.2.3. Monochromatic approximation; 3.2.4. Radiance temperature; 3.2.5. Instrumental emissivity -- 3.3. The gold-cup pyrometer -- 3.4. Thermal imagers -- 3.5. The laser pyrometer -- 3.6. Ratio thermometers -- 3.7. Multi-wavelength thermometers.; Chapter 4. Errors in spectral-band thermometry -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Emissivity errors. 4.2.1. Emissivity versus surface finish; 4.2.2. Emissivity versus wavelength; 4.2.3. Emissivity versus angle; 4.2.4. Measuring emissivity; 4.2.5. Temperature error due to emissivity error -- 4.3. Reflection errors. 4.3.1. The measurement equation; 4.3.2. Strategy 1 (Tw << Ts); 4.3.3. Strategy 2; 4.3.4. Strategy 3 (Tw >> Ts); 4.3.5. Reflection error nomograms; 4.3.6. Multiple tubes; 4.3.7. Effective background temperature; 4.3.8. Calculating the geometric view factors -- 4.4. Absorption and emission errors. 4.4.1. Effective absorption coefficient; 4.4.2. Analogy with reflection errors; 4.4.3. Correcting absorption and emission errors; 4.4.4. Multiple corrections -- 4.5. Errors due to flames -- 4.6. Scattering errors -- 4.7. Viewing through windows -- 4.8. Size-of-source effect. 4.8.1. Scattering; 4.8.2. Poor focus and diffraction; 4.8.3. Misalignment -- 4.9. Vignetting -- 4.10. Ambient temperature dependence -- 4.11. Signal Linearization -- Chapter 5. Measurement uncertainty -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. The meaning of uncertainty -- 5.3. Combining and propagating uncertainties. 5.3.1. Combining uncertainties; 5.3.2. Propagating uncertainties -- 5.4. Uncertainty in the corrected temperature. 5.4.1. Target temperature uncertainty; 5.4.2. Emissivity uncertainty; 5.4.3. Effective background temperature uncertainty; 5.4.4. Combined uncertainty; 5.4.5. Optimum wavelength.; Chapter 6. Calibration of radiation thermometers -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Blackbody cavities. 6.2.1. Effective emissivity; 6.2.2. Temperature uniformity -- 6.3. Calibration methods. 6.3.1. Calibration procedure; 6.3.2. Calibration example -- Chapter 7. Worked examples -- 7.1. Introduction. 7.1.1. Measurement procedure; 7.1.2. Data analysis procedure -- 7.2. Top-fired multi-row box furnaces. 7.2.1. Measurements; 7.2.2. Analysis -- 7.3. Side-fired single-row furnaces. 7.3.1. Measurements; 7.3.2. Analysis -- 7.4. Floor-fired cubic furnaces. 7.4.1. Measurements; 7.4.2. Analysis -- 7.5. Floor-fired cylindrical furnaces. 7.5.1. Measurements; 7.5.2. Analysis -- 7.6. Furnaces with horizontal tubes. 7.6.1. Measurements; 7.6.2. Analysis -- References -- Appendix. Reflection error nomograms -- Index.
• Sommario/riassunto: This tutorial text provides an introduction to the subject of radiation thermometry, focusing on sources of measurement error and giving advice on methods for minimizing or eliminating these errors. Topics covered include: blackbody radiation, emissivity, reflection errors, and atmospheric absorption and emission; commonly used radiation thermometer types; uncertainty calculation; and procedures for in-house calibration of radiation thermometers. Included is a chapter containing detailed measurement examples for a variety of furnace ; types and operating conditions found in the methanol, ammonia, and refining industries.