Microbial Colorants : Chemistry, Biosynthesis and Applications

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910993876603321
• Autore: Rather Luqman Jameel
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Newark : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , 2025; ©2025
• ISBN: 9781394287864; 1394287860; 9781394287888; 1394287887; 9781394287871; 1394287879
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (0 pages)
• Altri autori (Persone): ShahidMohammad; JameelSalman
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgement -- Part I: Microbial Pigment Sources and Diversity -- Chapter 1 Introduction to Microbial Colorants -- 1.1 Background and Significance -- 1.2 Classification of Microbial Pigments -- 1.2.1 Classification Based on the Source -- 1.2.1.1 Bacterial Pigments -- 1.2.1.2 Fungal Pigments -- 1.2.1.3 Algal Pigments -- 1.2.1.4 Pigments from Cyanobacteria -- 1.2.1.5 Pigments from Lichens -- 1.2.1.6 Pigments from Yeasts, Actinomycetes, and Archaea -- 1.2.1.7 Conventional Microbial Pigment Sources -- 1.2.1.8 Nonconventional Microbial Pigment Sources -- 1.2.2 Classification Based on the Chemical Nature of Pigments -- 1.2.2.1 Carotenoids -- 1.2.2.2 Terpenoids -- 1.2.2.3 Chlorophylls -- 1.2.2.4 Flavins -- 1.2.2.5 Polyketides -- 1.2.2.6 Amino Acid Derivatives -- 1.2.2.7 Cyclic Peptides -- 1.2.2.8 Indigoids -- 1.2.2.9 Betalains -- 1.3 Industrial Applications of Microbial Pigments -- 1.3.1 Food Industry -- 1.3.2 Pharmaceutical Industry -- 1.3.3 Cosmetics Industry -- 1.3.4 Textile Industry -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Bacterial ; Pigments: Diversity and Biosynthesis Pathways -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Diversity of Bacterial Pigments -- 2.2.1 Carotenoids -- 2.2.1.1 Structure -- 2.2.1.2 Function -- 2.2.1.3 Biosynthesis -- 2.2.2 Prodiginines -- 2.2.2.1 Structure -- 2.2.2.2 Function -- 2.2.2.3 Biosynthesis -- 2.2.3 Pyocyanin -- 2.2.3.1 Structure -- 2.2.3.2 Function -- 2.2.3.3 Biosynthesis -- 2.2.4 Quinones -- 2.2.4.1 Structure -- 2.2.4.2 Function -- 2.2.4.3 Biosynthesis -- 2.2.5 Other Bacterial Pigments -- 2.2.5.1 Phycoerythrin -- 2.2.5.2 Phycocyanin -- 2.2.5.3 Melanin -- 2.2.5.4 Violacein -- 2.2.5.5 Indigoidine -- 2.2.5.6 Flexirubin -- 2.2.5.7 Pyoverdine -- 2.2.5.8 Aura Chin -- 2.3 Applications of Bacterial Pigments -- 2.3.1 Food Industry -- 2.3.2 Medical Field.; 2.3.3 Energy-Related Technologies -- 2.3.4 Other Applications -- 2.4 Future Research -- 2.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 Fungal Pigments: A Sustainable Alternative to Synthetic Colors -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 What are Fungal Pigments? -- 3.3 Why Fungal Pigments? -- 3.4 Source of Fungal Pigments -- 3.4.1 Alternaria spp. -- 3.4.2 Aspergillus spp. -- 3.4.3 Chaetomium spp. -- 3.4.4 Daldinia spp. -- 3.4.5 Fusarium spp. -- 3.4.6 Hypoxylon spp. -- 3.4.7 Monascus spp. -- 3.4.8 Neurospora spp. -- 3.4.9 Penicillium spp. -- 3.4.10 Pyrenophora spp. -- 3.4.11 Talaromyces spp. -- 3.4.12 Trichoderma spp. -- 3.4.13 Other Genera -- 3.5 Extraction Methods of Fungal Pigments -- 3.5.1 Extracellular Pigment Extraction -- 3.5.2 Intracellular Pigment Extraction -- 3.5.2.1 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Technique -- 3.5.2.2 Microwave-Assisted Extraction -- 3.5.2.3 Ionic Liquid-Assisted Extraction -- 3.5.2.4 Supercritical Extraction -- 3.5.2.5 Pulsed Electric Field -- 3.5.2.6 Pressurized Liquid Extraction -- 3.6 Applications of Fungal Pigments -- 3.6.1 Fungal Pigments in Food Industry -- 3.6.2 Fungal Pigments Applications in Textile Industry -- 3.6.3 Fungal Pigment as Antibacterial Agent -- 3.6.4 Fungal Pigments as Antioxidants -- 3.6.5 Fungal Pigments in Cosmetic Industry -- 3.6.6 Fungal Pigments as Anticancerous Agents -- 3.7 Limitations and Challenges -- 3.8 Mycotoxicity Testing -- 3.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Algal and Cyanobacterial Colorants: From Chlorophyll to Phycocyanin -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Microalgae Pigments -- 4.2.1 Chlorophyll Pigments -- 4.2.2 Phycobiliprotein Pigments -- 4.2.3 Carotenoid Pigments -- 4.3 Production and Extraction Methodologies for Enhancement the Pigment Productivity -- 4.3.1 Microalgae Production -- 4.3.1.1 Microalgae Cultivation Systems -- 4.3.1.2 Culture Conditions.; 4.3.2 Extraction of Microalgae Pigments -- 4.4 Industrial Applications and Market Trends of Microalgae Pigments -- 4.5 Sustainability of Microalgae Pigments and Future Perspectives -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Nonconventional Microbial Sources-Yeast, Actinomycetes, Archaea -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Nonconventional Microbes -- 5.2.1 Nonconventional Yeasts -- 5.2.1.1 Kluyveromyces marxianus -- 5.2.1.2 Kluyveromyces lactis -- 5.2.1.3 Yarrowia lipolytica -- 5.2.1.4 Hansenula polymorpha -- 5.2.1.5 Trichosporon oleaginosus -- 5.2.1.6 Debaryomyces hansenii -- 5.2.1.7 Dekkera bruxellensis -- 5.2.1.8 Pichia pastoris -- 5.2.1.9 Pichia kudriavzevii -- 5.2.1.10 Scheffersomyces stipitis -- 5.2.1.11 Rhodotorula toruloides -- 5.2.2 Actinomycetes -- 5.2.2.1 Corynebacterium -- 5.2.2.2 Rhodococcus -- 5.2.2.3 Streptomyces -- 5.2.3 Archaea -- 5.3 Nonconventional Hosts with Important Industrial Applications -- 5.4 Genetic Engineering Tools for Nonconventional Microbes -- 5.4.1 Plasmids -- 5.4.2 Promoters and Terminators -- 5.4.3 DNA Repair -- 5.4.4 RNA Interference -- 5.4.5 CRISPR/Cas9 -- 5.5 Software Packaging Tools for CRISPR Screen Evaluation -- 5.5.1 MAGeCK-VISPR ; -- 5.5.2 CRISPhieRmix -- 5.5.3 JACKS -- 5.5.4 BAGEL2 -- 5.5.5 acCRISPR -- 5.6 Comprehensive Understanding of Genetic Modification Tools on Microbial Nonconventional Platforms -- 5.7 Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Chemistry of Microbial Pigments -- Chapter 6 Introduction to Chemistry of Microbial Colorants: Structures, Properties, and Biosynthesis -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Isoprenoid Pigments -- 6.2.1 Carotenoids -- 6.2.1.1 Properties of Carotenoids -- 6.2.1.2 Biosynthesis of Carotenoids -- 6.3 Flavins -- 6.3.1 Riboflavin (B2) -- 6.3.1.1 Properties of Riboflavin -- 6.3.1.2 Biosynthesis of Riboflavin -- 6.4 Tetrapyrrole-Containing Pigments -- 6.4.1 Chlorophylls.; 6.4.1.1 Biosynthesis of Chlorophylls -- 6.4.2 Phycobilins -- 6.4.2.1 Properties of Phycobilins -- 6.4.2.2 Biosynthesis of Phycobilins -- 6.4.3 Indigoids -- 6.4.3.1 Properties of Indigoids -- 6.4.3.2 Biosynthesis of Indigo -- 6.5 Alkaloid Pigments -- 6.5.1 Prodigiosines -- 6.5.1.1 Properties of Prodigiosines -- 6.5.1.2 Biosynthesis of Prodigiosin -- 6.5.2 Betalains -- 6.5.2.1 Properties of Betacyanins and Betaxanthins -- 6.5.2.2 Biosynthesis of Betalains -- 6.5.3 Violacein -- 6.5.3.1 Properties of Violacein -- 6.5.3.2 Biosynthesis of Violacein -- 6.5.4 Phenazines -- 6.5.4.1 Properties of Pyocyanin -- 6.5.4.2 Biosynthesis of Phenazines -- 6.6 Polyketide Pigments -- 6.6.1 Quinones -- 6.6.1.1 Properties of Quinones -- 6.6.1.2 Biosynthesis of Quinones -- 6.6.2 Azaphilones -- 6.6.2.1 Properties of Azaphilones -- 6.6.2.2 Biosynthesis of Azaphilones -- 6.7 Phenol-Containing Pigments -- 6.7.1 Styrylpyrones -- 6.7.1.1 Biosynthesis of Hispidin -- 6.8 Melanins -- 6.8.1 Properties of Melanins -- 6.8.2 Biosynthesis of Melanins -- 6.9 Siderophores -- 6.9.1 Properties of Siderophores -- 6.9.2 Biosynthesis of Siderophores -- 6.10 Conclusion and Future Prospectives -- References -- Chapter 7 Microbial Pigment Extraction and Purification Techniques -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Solid-Liquid Extraction Techniques -- 7.2.1 Conventional Solid-Liquid Extraction Techniques -- 7.2.2 Process Intensification Using Advanced Techniques -- 7.2.2.1 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction -- 7.2.2.2 Microwave-Assisted Extraction -- 7.2.2.3 Pulsed Electric Field-Assisted Extraction -- 7.2.2.4 Pressurized-Liquid Extraction (PLE) -- 7.2.2.5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) -- 7.2.2.6 Enzyme-Assisted Extraction (EAE) -- 7.2.3 Extraction Using Non-Conventional Solvents -- 7.3 Purification of Microbial Pigments -- 7.4 Polishing Operations -- 7.5 Conclusions.; Declaration of Generative AI in Scientific Writing -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8 Extraction and Purification of Microbial Pigments: Eco-Friendly Techniques and Applications -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Classification of Microbial Pigments -- 8.2.1 Pigments of Algal -- 8.2.2 Pigments of Bacteria -- 8.2.3 Pigments of Cyanobacteria -- 8.2.4 Pigments of Fungal -- 8.2.5 Pigments of Lichens -- 8.2.6 Pigments from Yeasts -- 8.3 Extraction Techniques -- 8.3.1 Ultrasound Extraction Process -- 8.3.2 Microwave Extraction Process -- 8.3.3 Enzyme Extraction Process -- 8.3.4 Supercritical Fluid Extraction -- 8.3.5 Pressurized Fluid Extraction Process -- 8.3.6 Ionic Liquids-Assisted Extraction -- 8.4 Purification Techniques -- 8.5 Applications -- 8.5.1 Usage in Food and Beverage Industry -- 8.5.2 Usage in Textile Industry -- 8.5.3 Usage in Cosmetic Industry -- 8.5.4 Usage in Medical -- 8.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives -- 8.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Chlorophylls: The Verdant World of Photosynthetic Pigments -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Photosynthesis Types -- 9.3 Photosynthetic Micro-Organisms -- 9.4 Structural Diversity of Chlorophyll -- 9.4.1 Chlorophylls -- 9.4.2 Chlorophylls in Cyanobacteria -- 9.4.3 Photosynthetic Systems of Cyanobacteria -- 9.4.4 Chlorophylls in Microbial Algae -- 9.4.5 Chlorophylls a and b in Green Algae -- 9.4.6 Chlorophyll c in Brown ; Algae -- 9.4.7 Chlorophyll d in Red Algae -- 9.4.8 Chlorophylls Specific to Other Groups of Algae -- 9.5 Bacteriochlorophylls (BChl) -- 9.5.1 Bacteriochlorophylls a, b, c, d, e, f, g -- 9.6 Chlorophyll Biosynthetic Pathway -- 9.7 Enzymes Implicated in Chlorophyll Pathways -- 9.8 The Function of Chlorophylls in Microbes -- 9.9 Biotechnological Applications of Microbial Chlorophylls -- 9.10 Prospects for Research and Applications -- 9.11 Conclusion -- References.; Chapter 10 Phycobiliproteins: Algal and Cyanobacterial Pigments Radiating Vivid Colors.