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1. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9910779048703321 |
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Titolo |
Vinculación de la reforma de los sistemas de seguridad a la reducción de la violencia armada Notas de programación / / OECD |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Paris : , : OECD Publishing, , [2011] |
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©2011 |
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ISBN |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (55 p. ) : ill. ; |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Social problems |
Polemology |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Note generali |
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Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Abreviaciones y acrónimos Notas de programación de la OCDE sobre la reducción de la violencia armada1. Los conceptos de la reforma de los sistemas de seguridad y de la reducción de la violencia armada -La reforma de los sistemas de seguridad -La reducción de la violencia armada -Las sinergias conceptuales entre la RVA y la RSS 2. La evaluación y la concepción -Aplicación de la óptica de la violencia armada a las evaluaciones de la RSS-Técnicas de evaluación innovadoras -La concepción de los programas 3. Las sinergias entre las actividades de programación de la reducción de la violencia armada y de la reforma de los sistemas de seguridad -La RVA se concentra en la RSS -La programación complementaria de la RVA y de la RSS 4. Los puntos de partida -La RSS como punto de partida para la RVA -La RVA como punto de partida para la RSS 5. Seguimiento y evaluación -La elaboración de indicadores La implicación de los actores locales: la apropiación y las capacidades de los agentes en el terreno Bibliografía |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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Con el fin de ayudar los expertos en desarrollo a hacer frente al problema de la violencia armada, tres notas de programación han sido elaboradas con el fin de sacar todo el partido a la publicación de 2009 Reducir la violencia armada: Hacer posible el desarrollo. Estas tres notas cubren los siguientes temas: la violencia armada en zonas urbanas, la juventud y la violencia armada, los vínculos existentes entre la reducción de la violencia armada y la reforma de los sistemas de |
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2. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9910972856603321 |
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Titolo |
Bioethanol : production, benefits and economics / / Jason B. Erbaum, editor |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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New York, : Nova Science Publishers, Inc., c2009 |
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ISBN |
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Edizione |
[1st ed.] |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (213 p.) |
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Collana |
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Energy science, engineering and technology series |
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Altri autori (Persone) |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Alcohol as fuel |
Biomass energy |
Alcohol as fuel - Economic aspects |
Biomass energy - Economic aspects |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Note generali |
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Description based upon print version of record. |
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Nota di bibliografia |
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Includes bibliographical references and index. |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Intro -- BIOETHANOL: PRODUCTION, BENEFITS AND ECONOMICS -- BIOETHANOL: PRODUCTION, BENEFITS AND ECONOMICS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS PRETREATMENT FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- OVERVIEW OF BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS -- IMPACT OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE ON HYDROLYSIS -- Cellulose Crystallinity -- Specific Surface Area -- Degree of Polymerization -- Cellulose Protection by Lignin -- Hemicellulose Sheathing -- Degree of Hemicellulose Acetylation -- GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON PRETREATMENT -- PRETREATMENT PROCESSES -- Physical Pretreatment -- Chemical Pretreatment -- Biological Pretreatment -- Combination Pretreatment -- CHARACTERISTICS OF PRETREATMENT PRODUCT STREAMS -- CURRENT STATUS AND CHALLENGES -- FUTURE RESEARCH -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 MEETING EU BIOETHANOL TARGETS THROUGH IMPROVEMENTS IN WHEAT GRAIN QUALITY AND PRODUCTIVITY IN EUROPE -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- |
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INCREASING PRODUCTION -- POTENTIAL TO INCREASE WHEAT ALCOHOL PRODUCTION WITHOUT ADDITIONAL CHANGES IN GRAIN COMPOSITION -- INCREASING GRAIN YIELDS -- Increasing Grain Yield - Western Europe -- Increasing Grain Yields - Eastern Europe -- INCREASING AREA OF LAND SOWN TO WHEAT -- Increasing Area in Western Europe -- Increasing Area in Eastern Europe -- IMPROVEMENT OF WHEAT GRAIN AS A FEEDSTOCK FOR BIOETHANOL -- Starch and Sugar Contents -- Losses during Starch Conversion and Fermentation -- Protein Content -- OPPORTUNITIES FOR GREENHOUSE GAS SAVINGS FROM WHEAT BIOETHANOL -- NITROGEN FERTILISER EFFECTS ON WHEAT -- Nitrogen Use and Grain Yields in UK Wheat -- Nitrogen Use and Grain Yields in East European Wheat -- Alternative Cereals to Wheat for Bioethanol in Europe -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES. |
Chapter 3 DEVELOPMENT OF EXTRACTIVE PROCESSES AND ROBUST MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION -- ABSTRACT -- NOMENCLATURE -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Vinasse Generation and Water Consumption in Fermentation Existing Processes -- 2. EXTRACTIVE PROCESSES FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION -- 2.1. Gas Stripping -- 2.2. Solvent Extraction -- 2.3. Pervaporation -- 2.4. Extractive Processes under Vacuum -- 3. REDUCTION OF OPERATIONAL COSTS BY ROBUST MODELING -- 3.1. Source of Variations in Fermentative Processes -- 3.2. Plackett-Burman (PB) Methodology for Screening of Kinetic Parameters for Re-Estimation Problem -- 3.3. Mathematical Modeling of an Extractive Process under Vacuum -- Overall Mass Balance in Extractive Process -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 EXTREMELY THERMOPHILIC ENZYMES: THEIR UTILIZATION IN AGRICULTURAL WASTE CONVERSION FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION -- ABSTRACT -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- Materials -- Sugar Analysis of Raw BSG -- BSG Pretreatment -- Enzyme Cocktail Preparation and Enzyme Assays -- Saccharification Process -- Analysis of the Sugars Released -- RESULTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 BIOETHANOL FROM STARCH OR SUGAR: ENERGY SECURITY AND LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. WHY DO LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENTS OF TRANSPORT BIOFUEL LIFE CYCLES DISAGREE ABOUT GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND CUMULATIVE FOSSIL FUEL INPUTS? -- 3. PREFERRED WAYS FOR DOING LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT -- 4. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS OF FUEL ETHANOL AND CONVENTIONAL GASOLINE -- 5. CUMULATIVE FOSSIL FUEL DEMAND AND NET ENERGY YIELDS OF BIOETHANOL -- 6. DIVERGENCE BETWEEN CUMULATIVE FOSSIL FUEL DEMAND AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 ANALYSIS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF DISTILLATION OPTIONS TO OBTAIN HIGH-PURITY BIOETHANOL -- ABSTRACT. |
INTRODUCTION -- PROBLEM STATEMENT -- DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION PROCEDURES -- COMPUTATIONAL FRAMEWORK -- RESULTS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 METHANOL CONTENT IN BIODIESEL ESTIMATED BY FLASH POINT AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PREPARATION OF BIODIESEL SAMPLES -- Characterization of Biodiesel According to International Standards -- Preparation of Biodiesel Samples with Known Methanol Content -- DETERMINATION OF FLASH POINT -- MEASUREMENT OF PERMITTIVITY AND CONDUCTIVITY IN LIQUIDS -- DETERMINATION OF THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF BIODIESEL -- CORRELATION BETWEEN FLASH POINT AND METHANOL CONTENT IN |
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BIODIESEL -- PERMITTIVITY AND CONDUCTIVITY IN BIODIESEL CONTAINING METHANOL -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 CORN ETHANOL ALLURE PLUMMETS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 BIOFUELS -- A. BIOETHANOL -- 1. Introduction -- 2. State of the Science -- 2.1. Ethanol Biosynthesis: Overview -- 2.2. Feedstock Options -- 2.3. Cellulase Engineering -- 2.4. Fermentation Technologies -- 2.5. Coproduct Development -- 3. Research Priorities -- 4. Commercialization -- 4.1. Cellulases -- 4.2. Ethanol Plants -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 ADVANCED BIOETHANOL TECHNOLOGY* -- BIODIESEL -- ETHANOL -- Chapter 11 FUEL ETHANOL: BACKGROUND AND PUBLIC POLICY ISSUES∗ -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- Ethanol and the Agricultural Economy -- ETHANOL REFINING AND PRODUCTION -- FUEL CONSUMPTION -- RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN CELLULOSIC FEEDSTOCKS -- COSTS AND BENEFITS OF FUEL ETHANOL -- Economic Effects -- Air Quality -- Climate Change -- Energy Security -- POLICY CONCERNS AND CONGRESSIONAL ACTIVITY -- Phase 2. Reformulated Gasoline -- MTBE -- Alcohol Fuel Tax Incentives[55] -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- INDEX -- Blank Page. |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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The principle fuel used as a petrol substitute for road transport vehicles is bioethanol. Bioethanol fuel is mainly produced by the sugar fermentation process, although it can also be manufactured by the chemical process of reacting ethylene with steam. This volume collects the latest research in the field. |
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