Arsenic in drinking water : 2001 update / / subcommittee to update the 1999 arsenic in drinking water report, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910971852703321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Washington, DC, : National Academy Press, c2001
• ISBN: 9786610184217; 9780309170437; 0309170435; 9781280184215; 1280184213; 9780309565707; 0309565707
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (241 p.)
• Soggetti: Drinking water - Contamination - United States; Drinking water - Arsenic content; Arsenic - Toxicology - United States; Arsenic - Environmental aspects
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: Arsenic in Drinking Water -- Copyright -- OTHER REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY -- Preface -- Contents -- Summary -- CHARGE TO THE SUBCOMMITTEE -- THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S APPROACH TO ITS CHARGE -- THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S EVALUATION -- Epidemiological (Human) Studies -- Metabolism and Mode-of-Action Studies -- Variability and Uncertainty in an Arsenic Risk Assessment -- Quantitative Evaluation of Arsenic Toxicity -- Research Needs -- OVERALL CONCLUSIONS -- 1 Introduction -- SUMMARY OF THE NRC'S 1999 ARSENIC IN DRINKING WATER REPORT -- POLICY BACKGROUND -- Summary of EPA's Actions -- CHARGE TO THE SUBCOMMITTEE -- ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT -- REFERENCES -- ; 2 Human Health Effects -- SUMMARY OF HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS DISCUSSED IN THE 1999 REPORT -- RECENT STUDIES OF NONCANCER EFFECTS IN HUMANS -- Cardiovascular Effects -- Dermal Effects -- Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- Neurological Effects -- Respiratory Effects -- Hepatotoxic Effects -- Hematological Effects -- Diabetes -- RECENT STUDIES OF CANCER EFFECTS IN HUMANS -- General Issues with Exposure Measurement -- Chiou et al. 2001 Study -- Ferreccio et al. 2000 Study -- Lewis et al. 1999 Study -- Tsai et al. 1999 Study -- Kurttio et al. 1999 Study -- Karagas et al. 2001 Study -- Tucker et al. 2001 Study -- LATENCY PERIOD -- ESSENTIALITY -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Experimental Studies -- SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES DISCUSSED IN THE 1999 REPORT -- TOXICOKINETICS -- Methylation of Arsenic -- Species Differences in the Methylation of Arsenic -- Tissue Differences in the Methylation of Arsenic -- Induction of Arsenic Methyltransferases -- Trivalent Methylated Arsenic Metabolites -- ANIMAL TOXICITY STUDIES -- Animal Bioassays -- Species Differences in Toxicity -- Developmental Toxicity Studies -- MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY.; Relative Toxicity of Different Forms of Arsenic -- Induction of Mutations and Chromosomal Abberations -- Alterations in Signal Transduction, Cell-Cycle Control, Differentiation, and Apoptosis -- Cell Signaling -- Apoptosis, Cytotoxicity, and Anticancer Activity -- Induction of Oxidative Stress -- Alterations in Gene Expression -- Resistance and Tolerance to Arsenic Cytotoxicity -- Implications of Mode-of-Action Studies of Arsenic in Drinking Water to Human Carcinogenesis -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4 Variability and Uncertainty -- VARIABILITY VERSUS UNCERTAINTY -- VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTIES DISCUSSED IN THE 1999 REPORT -- SOURCES OF VARIABILITY -- Exposure -- Per Capita Water Consumption -- Water Consumption in the U.S. Population -- Water Consumption in the Taiwanese Study Population -- Consideration of Infants and Children -- Susceptibility from Exposure Differences -- Intrinsic Susceptibility -- Variability in Arsenic Metabolism -- Genetic Polymorphisms Related to Arsenic Metabolism -- Population Variations in Arsenic Metabolism -- Interindividual Variation in Arsenic Metabolism -- Effect of Dose on Arsenic Methylation -- Effect of Other Chemicals on Arsenic Methylation -- Metabolic Variability, Tissue Retention, and Health Effects -- SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY -- Dose Metrics and Model Uncertainty -- Exposure to Arsenic in Food and Effect of Diet and Nutrition -- Other Uncertainties -- VALUE-OF-INFORMATION APPROACH -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Quantitative Assessment of Risks Using Modeling Approaches -- OVERVIEW OF THE SCIENCE UNDERLYING EPA'S 2001 PROPOSED REGULATION -- Hazard Identification -- Choice of End Point -- Dose-Response Modeling -- Model Choice and Selection of a Comparison Group -- Adjustments for Water Intake -- Adjustments for Dietary Intake of Arsenic.; Adjustments for Mortality Versus Incidence -- OVERVIEW OF THE SAB'S REPORT ON THE 2001 RISK ASSESSMENT -- Inorganic Arsenic As Principal Form of Arsenic Causing Health Effects -- Implications of Exposure to Natural Arsenic Through Food -- Health Advisory on Low-Arsenic Water and Infant Formula -- SAB's Comments on EPA's Interpretation of the NRC Report -- THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S EVALUATION -- Choice of End Point and Study -- Quantitative Risk Estimates -- BEIR IV -- Statistical Analyses and Dose-Response Modeling -- Model Choice -- Use of a Comparison Population -- Functional Form of Dose-; Response Relationship -- Impact of Dietary Intake of Arsenic -- Impact of Variability in Drinking-Water Intake -- Effects of Exposure-Measurement Error -- Mortality Versus Incidence -- Calculated Risk Estimates -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 Hazard Assessment -- FINDINGS OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE -- COMPARISONS OF RESULTS OF DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENTS -- Estimates of Effective Dose for a 1% Response: ED01 -- Cancer Risk Estimates -- PLAUSIBILITY OF CANCER RISK ESTIMATES -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES.
• Sommario/riassunto: Having safe drinking water is important to all Americans. The Environmental Protection Agency's decision in the summer of 2001 to delay implementing a new, more stringent standard for the maximum allowable level for arsenic in drinking water generated a great deal of criticism and controversy. Ultimately at issue were newer data on arsenic beyond those that had been examined in a 1999 National Research Council report. EPA asked the National Research Council for an evaluation of the new data available. The committee's analyses and conclusions are presented in Arsenic in Drinking Water: 2001 Update . New epidemiological studies are critically evaluated, as are new experimental data that provide information on how and at what level arsenic in drinking water can lead to cancer. The report's findings are consistent with those of the 1999 report that found high risks of cancer at the previous federal standard of 50 parts per billion. In fact, the new report concludes that men and women who consume water containing 3 parts per billion of arsenic daily have about a 1 in 1,000 increased risk of developing bladder or lung cancer during their lifetime.