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Meaning of Words; Understanding the Structure and Organisation of Words, Sentences and Connected Text; Early Indicators; Working Memory; Working with Text; Making Inferences; Monitoring Understanding |
Environmental InfluencesSummary; Chapter 3 The York Reading for Meaning Project: An Overview; Theoretical Aims; Practical Aims; Intervention Design; Research Design; Understanding Causality; Randomised Controlled Trials; Sample Considerations; Random Allocation; Blinding; Attendance and Attrition; Control Groups; Establishing Long-Term Educational Significance; Control Task; Assessment; Findings; Summary and Conclusions; Appendices; Chapter 4 Teaching Principles; Vygotskian Principles; Peer Learning; Individualisation; Scaffolding; Modelling; Reciprocal Teaching; Distributed Practice; Themes |
Passage ChoiceSummary; Chapter 5 Intervention Materials: Oral Language Programme; 1. Vocabulary; What Kinds of Words Should We Teach?; After Choosing the Word, How Is It Taught?; Supplementary Activities; Pictures and Photographs; Mind Maps; Memory Aids; Verbal Reasoning; Summary of Vocabulary; 2. Reciprocal Teaching with Spoken Language; Clarification; Summarisation; Prediction; Question Generation; Complementary Activities; Activating Background Knowledge; Developing Visual Representations; Summary of Reciprocal Teaching with Spoken Language; 3. Figurative Language; Idioms; Jokes; Riddles |
Simile and MetaphorSummary of Figurative Language; 4. Spoken Narrative; Sequencing and Story Structure; Creating Extended Stories; Summary of Spoken Narrative; Chapter Summary; Answers to Riddles; Chapter 6 Intervention Materials: Text Level Programme; 1. Metacognitive Strategies; Reread; Look-Back; Think-aloud; Thinking in Pictures; Looking at Pictures and Illustrations; Completing Incomplete Pictures; Creating Pictures with Pen and Paper; Explain and Reflect; Strategy Choice; Summary of Metacognitive Strategies; 2. Reciprocal Teaching with Written Language; Clarification; Summarisation |
PredictionQuestion Generation; Complementary Activities; 3. Inferencing; Cohesive Inferences; Bridging Inferences; Predictive Inferences; Evaluative Inferences; Activating Prior Knowledge; Summary of Developing Inferencing Skills; 4. Written Narrative; Summary of Developing Narrative Skills; Chapter Summary; Chapter 7 Intervention Materials: Combined Programme; Summary; Chapter 8 Feedback and Evaluation; Feedback from Teaching Assistants; The Personal and Professional Development of Teaching Assistants; Overall Evaluation and Next Steps; Children's Reflections; Parents' Feedback; Summary |
Chapter 9 Theoretical and Practical Implications |