Global tropospheric chemistry : a plan for action / / Global Tropospheric Chemistry Panel, Board of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources, National Research Council

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910970542903321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1984
• ISBN: 9786610222179; 9781280222177; 1280222174; 9780309554572; 0309554578; 9780585144962; 0585144966
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (208 p.)
• Disciplina: 551.5/11
• Soggetti: Atmospheric chemistry; Troposphere
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographies and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Global Tropospheric Chemistry -- Copyright -- FOREWORD -- PREFACE -- Contents -- PART I A PLAN FOR ACTION -- Executive Summary -- 1 The Need for an Program -- PUBLIC POLICY PROBLEMS AND ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY -- ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY: TOOL, SCIENCE, OR BOTH? -- TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY: THE PROSPECTUS -- 2 A Framework -- SOURCES -- TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION -- TRANSFORMATION -- Homogeneous Gas-Phase Transformations -- Homogeneous Aqueous-Phase Transformations -- Heterogeneous Transformations -- REMOVAL -- PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF TRACE SUBSTANCES IN THE TROPOSPHERE -- SUMMARY -- 3 A Proposed Program -- LONG-TERM GOALS AND OBJECTIVES -- BIOLOGICAL SOURCES OF ATMOSPHERIC CHEMICALS -- Investigations of Specific Sources -- Tundra, Taiga, and Freshwater Marshes -- Tropical Forests -- Biomass Burning -- Coastal Wetland and Estuarine Environments -- ; Agricultural Biomes -- Open Oceans -- Temperate Forests -- Savannas and Temperate Grasslands -- Needs for Instruments and Verification of Methods -- GLOBAL DISTRIBUTIONS AND LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT -- Chemical Species and Measurement Techniques -- Experimental Design -- Measurement Validation -- Observational Protocol -- Principles For Network Design -- Strategy for Obtaining Vertical Distribution Data -- The Program -- Phase I -- Phase II -- PHOTOCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS -- Theory Validation Experiments -- Identification of Critical Measurements -- Sampling Strategy -- Instrument Readiness -- Concentration Distribution Experiment -- Sampling Strategy -- Instrumentation -- Platforms -- Laboratory Measurement Requirements -- Mechanistic Studies of Family Chemical Systems -- Measurements of Individual Gas-Phase Rate Coefficients -- Fundamental Spectroscopic and Photochemical Studies -- Photochemical Modeling -- CONVERSION, REDISTRIBUTION, AND REMOVAL -- Experimental Constraints -- Recommended Field Experiments.; Wet Removal Experiment -- Dry Removal Experimental Program -- Future Experiments -- MODELING THE TROPOSPHERIC CHEMICAL SYSTEM -- Models for Biological and Surface Sources and Sinks -- Models for Global Distributions and Long-Range Transport -- Models for Photochemical Transformations -- Modds for Conversion, Redistribution, and Removal Processes -- Summary -- INSTRUMENT AND PLATFORM REQUIREMENTS -- Field and Laboratory Instrumentation -- Platforms -- Aircraft -- Ships -- Satellites -- INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION -- 4 Global Tropospheric Chemistry-A Call to Action -- PART II ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT UNDERSTANDING -- 5 Critical Processes Affecting the Distribution of Chemical Species -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- GLOBAL DISTRIBUTIONS AND LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT -- Monitoring Concepts -- Network Design -- Temporal Considerations -- Vertical Distribution Measurements -- BIOLOGICAL AND SURFACE SOURCES -- The Importance of Biological Sources -- The Nature of Biological Sources -- Globally Important Biomes -- Tundra and Other Northern Environments -- Temperate Forests -- Tropical Areas (Forests and Savannas) -- Tropical Areas -- Coastal Marsh, Estuary, and Continental Shelf Environments -- Point Sources -- Rice Agriculture -- Productive Oceans -- Issues of Closure -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS TRANSFORMATIONS -- Homogeneous Gas-Phase Chemistry -- Cyclic Photochemical Transformations: HxOy -- Cyclic Photochemical Transformations: NxOy -- Ozone Transformations/Photochemical Sources and Sinks -- Noncyclic Transformations -- Homogeneous Aqueous-Phase Transformations -- Heterogeneous Processes -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Homogeneous Gas-Phase Transformations -- Heterogeneous Processes -- WET AND DRY REMOVAL PROCESSES -- Wet Deposition -- Fog and Dewfall -- Dry Deposition -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 6 The Role of Modeling in Understanding Tropospheric Chemical Processes.; PRINCIPLES OF MODELING -- EXISTING MODELS -- MODELING IN SUPPORT OF THE PROPOSED RESEARCH PROGRAMS -- Biological and Surface Source Models -- Modeling Noncyclic Transformation and Removal Processes in Clouds -- Modeling Fast-Photochemical Cycles and Transformations -- Modeling Global Distributions and Long-Range Transport with a Three-Dimensional Meteorological Model -- Institutional Framework For Development and Application of a Three-Dimensional Tropospheric Chemistry System Model (TCSM) -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 7 Tropospheric Chemical Cycles -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- WATER (HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE) -- Sources -- Transport and Distribution -- Transformation and Sinks -- TROPOSPHERIC ; CHEMISTRY AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES BY C. C. DELWICHE -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- OZONE -- Sources -- Sinks -- Distribution/Climatology -- Issues -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- FIXED NITROGEN CYCLE -- Current Issues -- Sources -- Distributions -- Transformations -- Removal -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- SULFUR CYCLE -- Current Issues -- Sources and Distributions -- Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) -- Carbon Disulfide (CS2) -- Dimethylsulfide (Ch3)2S -- Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) -- Transformations and Sinks -- Role of Clouds and Aqueous-Phase Chemistry -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CARBON CYCLE -- Current Issues -- The Cycles of Reactive Carbon Compounds -- Sources -- Distribution -- Transformations and Sinks -- The Cycle of Carbon Dioxide -- Interaction with Other Cycles -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- HALOGENS -- Current Issues -- Distribution of Halogens in the Atmosphere -- Sources of Atmospheric Halogens -- Reactions and Transformations of Halogens -- Removal Processes for Halogens -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- TRACE ELEMENTS -- Current Issues -- Sources and Transport -- Distribution -- Transformations and Sinks -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- AEROSOL PARTICLES -- Sources -- Transport -- Transformations -- Removal Processes -- Distribution -- Conclusions -- BIBLIOGRAPHY.; 8 Instrumentation Development Needs for Use of Mass-Balance Technique -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 9 Instrument and Platform Survey -- INSTRUMENTATION FOR IN SITU MEASUREMENTS -- REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY -- AIRCRAFT PLATFORMS -- OCEANOGRAPHIC PLATFORMS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- APPENDIXES -- Appendix A Current Tropospheric Chemistry Research in the United States -- NAD's Atmospheric Chemistry Program -- NASA's Global Tropospheric Experiment -- Noaa's Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change Program -- NSF's Searex Program -- The National ACID Precipitation Assessment Program -- Other Related Programs -- Appendix B Remote Sensor Technology -- Present Spaceborne Sensor Measurements -- Hazy AIR Masses -- Measurement of AIR Pollution from Satellites (MAPS) -- Future Instrument Techniques -- Passive Remote Sensors -- Active Remote Sensors -- Future Thrusts -- Recommendations and Conclusions -- Sensor Systems Panel Recommendations -- Sensing Technology Panel Recommendations -- Summary -- Appendix C Element Cycle Matrices -- INDEX.
• Sommario/riassunto: In a giant step toward managing today's pollution problems more effectively, this report lays out a framework to coordinate an interdisciplinary and international investigation of the chemical composition and cycles of the troposphere. The approach includes geographical surveys, field measurements, the development of appropriate models, and improved instrumentation.