Toxicological risks of selected flame-retardant chemicals / / Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910969867303321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 2000
• ISBN: 0-309-17193-8; 1-280-18548-1; 9786610185481; 0-309-59232-1; 0-585-36873-2
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (534 p.)
• Collana: Compass series
• Disciplina: 615.9/2
• Soggetti: Fireproofing agents - Toxicology; Cumulative effects assessment (Environmental assessment)
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: "This project between the National Academy of Sciences and U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) was supported by Contract No. CPSC-C-99-1152"--T.p. verso.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals -- Copyright -- OTHER REPORTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- THE CHARGE TO THE SUBCOMMITTEE -- THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S APPROACH -- Hazard Identification -- Dose-Response Assessment -- Exposure Assessment -- Risk Characterization -- SUMMARY OF TOXICOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENTS -- UNCERTAINTIES ASSOCIATED WITH RISK ESTIMATES -- DATA GAPS AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- 1 Introduction -- THE CHARGE TO THE SUBCOMMITTEE -- THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S APPROACH TO ITS CHARGE -- FLAME RETARDANT PROCESSES -- CALIFORNIA, UNITED KINGDOM, AND EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE -- ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT -- REFERENCES -- 2 Assessment of Health Risks from the Use of Flame Retardants -- THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS -- Hazard Identification -- Observations of ; Humans -- Studies of Laboratory Animals -- In Vitro Studies -- Discussion -- Toxic Potency or Dose-Response Assessment -- Determination of Toxic Potency for Noncancer Effects -- Uncertainty Factors -- Interspecies Extrapolation -- Intraspecies Extrapolation -- Extrapolation from Subchronic to Chronic Exposures -- Extrapolation from LOAEL to NOAEL -- Route-to-Route Extrapolation -- Adjustment to Account for Poor Quality of the Database -- Overall Uncertainty Factor -- Carcinogenic Potency -- Exposure1 Assessment for Flame Retardants -- Risk Characterization of Flame Retardants -- Risk Characterization of Noncarcinogenic Effects -- Risk Characterization of Carcinogenic Effects -- REFERENCES -- 3 Exposure Assessment Methodology -- DERMAL EXPOSURE SCENARIO -- First Iteration -- Alternative Iteration -- INHALATION EXPOSURE SCENARIO -- Particles -- Vapors -- Uncertainty in the Inhalation Exposure Estimates -- ORAL EXPOSURE SCENARIO -- Uncertainties in the Oral Exposure Estimate -- REFERENCES -- 4 Hexabromocyclododecane.; PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS -- HAZARD IDENTIFICATION -- Dermal Exposure -- Irritation -- Dermal Sensitization -- Systemic Effects -- Other Systemic Effects -- Inhalation Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Other Systemic Effects -- Oral Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- Cancer -- Other Systemic Effects -- Genotoxicity -- QUANTITATIVE TOXICITY ASSESSMENT -- Noncancer -- Dermal Assessment -- Inhalation RfC -- Oral RfD -- Cancer -- EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT AND RISK CHARACTERIZATION -- Noncancer Assessment -- Dermal Exposure -- First Iteration -- Alternative Iteration -- Inhalation Exposure -- Particles -- Vapors -- Oral Exposure -- Cancer Assessment -- RECOMMENDATIONS FROM OTHER ORGANIZATIONS -- DATA GAPS AND RESEARCH NEEDS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Decabromodiphenyl Oxide -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS -- HAZARD IDENTIFICATION -- Dermal Exposure -- Irritation/Sensitization -- Systemic Effects -- Other Systemic Effects -- Inhalation Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Other Systemic Effects -- Oral Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- Cancer -- Other Systemic Effects -- Genotoxicity -- QUANTITATIVE TOXICITY ASSESSMENT -- Noncancer -- Dermal Assessment -- Inhalation RfC -- Oral RfD -- Cancer -- Oral -- EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT AND RISK CHARACTERIZATION -- Noncancer -- Dermal Exposure -- First Iteration -- Alternative Iteration -- Inhalation Exposure -- Particles -- Vapors -- Oral Exposure -- Cancer -- Dermal Exposure -- Inhalation Exposure -- Particles -- Vapors -- Oral Exposure -- RECOMMENDATIONS FROM OTHER ORGANIZATIONS -- DATA GAPS AND RESEARCH NEEDS -- REFERENCES -- 6 Alumina Trihydrate -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS -- Absorption -- Dermal Exposure.; Inhalation Exposure -- Oral Exposure -- Distribution and Metabolism -- Dermal Exposure -- Inhalation Exposure -- Oral Exposure -- Other Routes of Exposure -- Excretion -- Dermal Exposure -- Inhalation Exposure -- Oral Exposure -- HAZARD IDENTIFICATION -- Dermal Exposure -- Irritation -- Systemic Effects -- Inhalation Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Neurological Effects -- Cancer -- Other Systemic Effects -- Oral Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Neurological Effects -- Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- Other Systemic Effects -- Genotoxicity -- QUANTITATIVE TOXICITY ASSESSMENT -- Noncancer -- Dermal Assessment -- Inhalation RfC -- Oral RfD -- Cancer -- EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT AND RISK CHARACTERIZATION -- Noncancer -- Dermal Exposure -- Inhalation Exposure -- Particles -- Vapors -- Oral ; Exposure -- Cancer -- RECOMMENDATIONS FROM OTHER ORGANIZATIONS -- DATA GAPS AND RESEARCH NEEDS -- REFERENCES -- 7 Magnesium Hydroxide -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS -- Absorption -- Dermal -- Inhalation -- Oral -- Distribution -- Dermal and Inhalation -- Oral -- Metabolism -- Excretion -- Dermal and Inhalation -- Oral -- HAZARD IDENTIFICATION -- Dermal Exposure -- Inhalation Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Other Systemic Effects -- Cancer -- Oral Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Human Data -- Animal Data -- Immunological and Neurological Effects -- Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- Cancer -- Genotoxicity -- QUANTITATIVE TOXICITY ASSESSMENT -- Noncancer -- Dermal Assessment -- Inhalation RfC -- Oral RfD -- Carcinogenicity -- EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT AND RISK CHARACTERIZATION -- Noncancer -- Dermal Exposure -- Inhalation Exposure -- Particles -- Vapors -- Oral Exposure -- Cancer -- RECOMMENDATIONS FROM OTHER ORGANIZATIONS -- DATA GAPS AND RESEARCH NEEDS -- REFERENCES -- 8 Zinc Borate -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES.; OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS -- Absorption -- Zinc Borate -- Zinc Oxide -- Boric Acid -- Metabolism and Distribution -- Zinc Borate -- Zinc Oxide -- Boric Acid -- Excretion -- Zinc Borate -- Zinc Oxide -- Boric Acid -- HAZARD IDENTIFICATION -- Dermal Exposure -- Irritation and Sensitization -- Zinc Borate -- Zinc Oxide -- Boric Acid -- Systemic Effects -- Zinc Borate -- Zinc Oxide -- Boric Acid -- Other Systemic Effects -- Inhalation Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Zinc Oxide -- Boric Acid -- Immunological Effects -- Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- Zinc Oxide -- Boric Acid -- Cancer -- Other Systemic Effects -- Oral Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Zinc Borate -- Zinc Oxide -- Boric Acid -- Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- Zinc Borate -- Zinc Oxide -- Boric Acid -- Immunological Effects -- Neurological Effects -- Cancer -- Zinc Borate -- Zinc Oxide -- Boric Acid -- Genotoxicity -- Zinc Borate -- Zinc Oxide -- Boric Acid -- QUANTITATIVE TOXICITY ASSESSMENT -- Noncancer -- Dermal Assessment -- Inhalation RfC -- Oral RfD -- Zinc Oxide -- Boric Acid -- Zinc Borate -- Cancer -- EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT AND RISK CHARACTERIZATION -- Noncancer -- Dermal Exposure -- Inhalation Exposure -- Particulates -- Vapor -- Oral Exposure -- Cancer -- RECOMMENDATIONS FROM OTHER ORGANIZATIONS -- DATA GAPS AND RESEARCH NEEDS -- REFERENCES -- 9 Calcium and Zinc Molybdates -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS -- Molybdenum Compounds -- Zinc -- Absorption -- Distribution -- Metabolism -- Excretion -- HAZARD IDENTIFICATION -- Dermal Exposure -- Irritation -- Molybdenum Compounds -- Zinc -- Systemic Effects -- Molybdenum Compounds -- Zinc -- Inhalation Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Molybdenum Compounds -- Zinc -- Immunological Effects -- Molybdenum Compounds -- Zinc -- Reproductive and Developmental Effects.; Molybdenum Compounds -- Zinc -- Carcinogenicity -- Molybdenum Compounds -- Zinc -- Oral Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Molybdenum Compounds -- Zinc -- Immunological Effects -- Molybdenum compounds -- Zinc -- Neurological Effects -- Molybdenum compounds -- Zinc -- Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- Molybdenum Compounds -- Zinc -- Cancer -- Molybdenum Compounds -- Zinc -- Genotoxicity -- Molybdenum Compounds -- Zinc -- QUANTITATIVE TOXICITY ASSESSMENT -- Noncancer -- Dermal Assessment -- Inhalation RfC -- Oral RfD -- Cancer -- Dermal -- Inhalation -- Oral -- EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT AND RISK ; CHARACTERIZATION -- Noncancer -- Dermal Exposure -- Inhalation Exposure -- Particles -- Vapors -- Oral Exposure -- Cancer -- Dermal Exposure -- Inhalation Exposure -- Particles -- Vapors -- Oral Exposure -- RECOMMENDATIONS FROM OTHER ORGANIZATIONS -- DATA GAPS AND RESEARCH NEEDS -- REFERENCES -- 10 Antimony Trioxide -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS -- Absorption -- Distribution -- Metabolism and Excretion -- HAZARD IDENTIFICATION -- Dermal Exposure -- Irritation -- Sensitization -- Systemic Effects -- Other Systemic Effects -- Inhalation Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- Cancer -- Other Systemic Effects -- Oral Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Other Systemic Effects -- Genotoxicity -- QUANTITATIVE TOXICITY ASSESSMENT -- Noncancer -- Dermal Assessment -- Inhalation RfC -- Oral RfD -- Cancer -- Dermal -- Inhalation -- Oral -- EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT AND RISK CHARACTERIZATION -- Noncancer -- Dermal -- Inhalation -- Particles -- Vapors -- Oral Exposure -- Cancer -- Inhalation (Particles) -- Inhalation (Vapors) -- RECOMMENDATIONS FROM OTHER ORGANIZATIONS -- DATA GAPS AND RESEARCH NEEDS -- REFERENCES -- 11 Antimony Pentoxide and Sodium Antimonate -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES.; OCCURRENCE AND USE.
• Sommario/riassunto: Ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames from matches, cigarette lighters, and candles is one of the leading causes of residential-fire deaths in the United States. These fires accounted for about 16% of civilian fire deaths in 1996. On average, each year since 1990, about 90 deaths (primarily of children), 440 injuries, and property losses amounting to 50 million dollars have resulted from fires caused by the ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames. Certain commercial seating products (such as aircraft and bus seats) are subject to flammability standards and sometimes incorporate FR-treated upholstery cover materials, but there is no federal-government requirement for residential upholstered furniture, and it is generally not treated with FR chemicals. It is estimated that less than 0.2% of all U.S. residential upholstery fabric is treated with flame-retardant (FR) chemicals. The Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972 created the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as an independent federal regulatory agency whose mission is to protect the public from unreasonable risks of injury and death associated with consumer products. CPSC also administers the Flammable Fabrics Act, under which it regulates flammability hazards and the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), which regulates hazardous substances including chemicals. In 1993, the National Association of State Fire Marshals petitioned CPSC to issue a performance-based flammability standard for upholstered furniture to reduce the risk of residential fires. The Commission granted that portion of the petition relating to small open flame ignition risks. In response to concerns regarding the safety of FR chemicals, Congress, in the fiscal year 1999 appropriations report for CPSC, requested that the National Research Council conduct an independent study of the health risks to consumers posed by exposure to FR chemicals that are likely to be used in residential upholstered furniture to meet a CPSC standard. The National Research Council assigned the project to the Committee on Toxicology (COT) of the Commission on Life Sciences' Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. COT convened the Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals, which prepared this report. Subcommittee members were chosen for their recognized expertise in toxicology, pharmacology, epidemiology, chemistry, exposure assessment, risk ; assessment, and biostatistics. Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals is organized into 18 chapters and two appendices. Chapter 2 describes the risk assessment process used by the subcommittee in determining the risk associated with potential exposure to the various FR chemicals. Chapter 3 describes the method the subcommittee used to measure and estimate the intensity, frequency, extent, and duration of human exposure to FR chemicals. Chapters 4-19 provide the subcommittee's review and assessment of health risks posed by exposure to each of the 16 FR chemicals. Data gaps and research needs are provided at the end of these chapters.