Equilibri instabili nelle travi di sezione aperta sottile soggette a distribuzione di forze e distorsioni (noteI-VI)

• Record Nr.: UNINA990000718080403321
• Autore: Como, Mario
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Roma : C.N.R., 1964
• Descrizione fisica: 186 p. ill. 26 cm
• Locazione: FARBC
• Collocazione: TECN B 444
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Italiano
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia

Traditional Chinese medicine : theory and principles / / edited by Hu Dongpei

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910797814903321
• Autore: Hu Dongpei
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Beijing, [China] : , : De Gruyter, , 2016; ©2016
• ISBN: 3-11-057992-8; 3-11-041766-9; 3-11-041780-4
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (190 p.)
• Disciplina: 610.951
• Soggetti: Medicine, Chinese
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Front matter -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Philosophical Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine -- 3 Visceral Manifestation -- 4 The Theory of Qi, Blood, and Body Fluids -- 5 ; Theory of Meridians and Collaterals -- 6 Constitutional Theory -- 7 Onset of Disease -- 8 Etiology -- 9 Pathogenesis -- 10 Principles of Prevention and Treatment of Diseases -- References
• Sommario/riassunto: Derived from ancient Chinese philosophy, Traditional Chinese Medicine is considered to be difficult to understand. This book provides an overview of Traditional Chinese Medicine by illustrating the topics of visceral manifestation, etiology and pathology in a clear manner to readers. Clinical treatments are included to serve as references for practice. This book is well-suited for both researchers and practitioners.

The emergence of protolanguage : holophrasis vs compositionality / / edited by Michael A. Arbib and Derek Bickerton

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910968267303321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Amsterdam ; ; Philadelphia, : John Benjamins Pub. Co., 2010
• ISBN: 9786612775024; 9781282775022; 1282775022; 9789027287823; 9027287821
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: xi, 181 p. : ill. (some col.)
• Collana: Benjamins current topics ; ; v. 24
• Altri autori (Persone): ArbibMichael A; BickertonDerek
• Disciplina: 417/.7
• Soggetti: Language and languages - Etymology; Language acquisition; Human evolution; Historical linguistics
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
• Nota di contenuto: The Emergence of Protolanguage -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Untitled -- Table of contents -- Preface -- Is a holistic protolanguage a plausible precursor to language? -- 1. Introduction -- ; 2. Learning by segmentation and the analysis process -- 3. Criticism 1: Can Homo analyse? -- 3.1 Can modern humans analyse? -- 3.2 Could earlier hominids analyse? -- 3.3 Can Homo analyse: A summary -- 4. Criticism 2: Can analysis tolerate counter-examples? -- 4.1 Claim 1: The existence of counter-examples -- 4.2 Dealing with counter-examples -- 4.3 Counter-examples: A summary -- 5. Criticism 3: Does analysis violate the uniformitarian assumption? -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Notes -- References -- Author's address -- About the author -- Proto-discourse and the emergence of compositionality -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Discourse as sequenced communicative behaviour -- 3. From joint attention to words -- 4. From words to combinations -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Notes -- References -- Author's address -- Protolanguage in ontogeny and phylogeny -- Method -- Children -- Apes -- Combining gesture with and word or lexigram: Parallel phenomena in child and ape -- Frequency of different kinds of two-element combinations -- Developmental sequencing -- Indication -- Agent-action relation -- Object associated with another object or location -- Sources of ape-child differences in gesture-symbol combinations -- Unique to human children: Constructing messages indicating possession -- Deixis plus representation as a dynamic force in language ontogeny: Implications for protolanguage -- References -- Author's addresses -- From metonymy to syntax in the communication of events -- 1. The plausibility of protolanguage -- 2. Protopragmatics -- 3. Protosemantics -- 3.1 The deictic stage -- 3.2 Meaning fractionation vs. combination.; 3.3 Multi-metonymy: Compositionality without syntax -- 3.4 Ambiguity and inference -- 4. The functions of protolanguage -- 4.1 Proximal functions -- 4.2 Ultimate functions -- 4.3 The 'first-to-know' display -- 5. Discussion -- 6. From protolanguage to language -- 7. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- The "complex first" paradox -- Words and concepts -- Nouns and adjectives -- The structure of meaning -- Situated conceptualization and the theory of neuro-frames -- Evolution and development of the syntax-semantics interface -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Holophrastic protolanguage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Conceptual planning: Implications for protolanguage -- 3. Idioms, processing and complexity -- 4. Lexical constraints on word learning -- Notes -- References -- Protolanguage reconstructed -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The nature of protolanguage -- 2.1 Synthetic complexification -- 2.2 Analytic complexification -- 2.3 Semantic complexity -- 3. Protolinguistic communication -- 3.1 Coded communication -- 3.2 Inferential communication -- 4. The consequences of meaning inference -- 4.1 Variation -- 4.2 Reconstructibility -- 5. Complexification -- 5.1 Semantic complexification -- 5.2 Syntactic complexification -- 5.3 To language -- 6. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- Growth points from the very beginning -- Across time scales -- Gestures and speech - Two simultaneous modes of semiosis -- Kendon's continuum -- The growth point -- A thought-language-hand brain link -- The IW case -- GPs and language evolution -- 'Mead's Loop' and mirror neurons -- But not 'gesture-first' -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- The roots of linguistic organization in a new language -- Duality of patterning -- Prosody -- Syntax -- Words -- Phrases -- Sentences -- Units larger than a clause -- Recursion -- Morphology -- Conclusion -- Notes.; References -- Holophrasis and the protolanguage spectrum -- 1. Introduction -- 2. An evolutionary scenario in which holophrasis plays a key role -- The Mirror System Hypothesis (MSH) -- Construction ; grammar versus universal grammar -- From holophrasis to compositionality -- The emergence of phonology -- 3. Facing up to common problems -- 4. Defending the holophrastic view -- From situations to protowords -- Predicates and Categories -- Simplicity is complicated -- Grammar emerges -- References -- Author's address -- But how did protolanguage actually start? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Critical differences between human and non-human communication -- 3. Relevance to the holophrasis-compositionality debate -- 4. The need for a paleoanthropological approach -- References -- About the author -- Name Index -- Subject index -- The series Benjamins Current Topics (BCT).
• Sommario/riassunto: In dealing with the nature of protolanguage, an important formative factor in its development, and one that would surely have influenced that nature, has too often been neglected: the precise circumstances under which protolanguage arose. Three factors are involved in this neglect: a failure to appreciate radical differences between the functions of language and animal communication, a failure to relate developments to the overall course of human evolution, and the supposition that protolanguage represents a package, rather than a series of separate developments that sequentially impacted the communication of pre-humans. An approach that takes these factors into account is very briefly suggested.

Trust theory : a socio-cognitive and computational model / / Cristiano Castelfranchi, Rino Falcone

• Record Nr.: UNINA9911020460403321
• Autore: Castelfranchi Cristiano
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Chichester, : John Wiley & Sons, 2010
• ISBN: 9786612690969; 9781282690967; 1282690965; 9780470519851 9electronic book); 0470519851; 9780470519844; 0470519843
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (387 pages)
• Collana: Wiley series in agent technology
• Disciplina: 302/.1
• Soggetti: Trust; Trust - Simulation methods; Artificial intelligence - Psychological aspects; Cognitive science
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references (p. 354-357) and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Foreword -- Introduction -- 1 Definitions of Trust: From Conceptual Components to the General Core -- 1.1 A Content Analysis -- 1.2 Missed Components and Obscure Links -- 1.3 Intentional Action and Lack of Controllability: Relying on What is Beyond Our Power -- 1.4 Two Intertwined Notions of Trust: Trust as Attitude vs. Trust as Act -- 1.5 A Critique of Some Significant Definitions of Trust -- References -- 2 Socio-Cognitive Model of Trust: Basic Ingredients -- 2.1 A Five-Part Relation and a Layered Model -- 2.2 Trust as Mental Attitude: a Belief-Based and Goal-Based Model -- 2.3 Expectations: Their Nature and Cognitive Anatomy -- 2.4 'No Danger': Negative or Passive or Defensive Trust -- 2.5 Weakening the Belief-Base: Implicit Beliefs, Acceptances, and Trust by-Default -- 2.6 From Disposition to Action -- 2.7 Can we Decide to Trust? -- 2.8 Risk, Investment and Bet -- 2.9 Trust and ; Delegation -- 2.10 The Other Parts of the Relation: the Delegated Task and the Context -- 2.11 Genuine Social Trust: Trust and Adoption -- 2.12 Resuming the Model -- References -- 3 Socio-Cognitive Model of Trust: Quantitative Aspects -- 3.1 Degrees of Trust: a Principled Quantification of Trust -- 3.2 Relationships between Trust in Beliefs and Trust in Action and Delegation -- 3.3 A Belief-Based Degree of Trust -- 3.4 To Trust or Not to Trust: Degrees of Trust and Decision to Trust -- 3.5 Positive Trust is not Enough: a Variable Threshold for Risk Acceptance/Avoidance -- 3.6 Generalizing the Trust Decision to a Set of Agents -- 3.7 When Trust is Too Few or Too Much -- 3.8 Conclusions -- References -- 4 The Negative Side: Lack of Trust, Implicit Trust, Mistrust, Doubts and Diffidence -- 4.1 From Lack of Trust to Diffidence: Not Simply a Matter of Degree -- 4.2 Lack of Trust -- 4.3 The Complete Picture -- 4.4 In Sum -- 4.5 Trust and Fear -- 4.6 Implicit and by Default Forms of Trust -- 4.7 Insufficient Trust -- 4.8 Trust on Credit: The Game of Ignorance -- References -- 5 The Affective and Intuitive Forms of Trust: The Confidence We Inspire.; 5.1 Two Forms of 'Evaluation' -- 5.2 The Dual Nature of Valence: Cognitive Evaluations Versus Intuitive Appraisal -- 5.3 Evaluations -- 5.4 Appraisal -- 5.5 Relationships Between Appraisal and Evaluation -- 5.6 Trust as Feeling -- 5.7 Trust Disposition as an Emotion and Trust Action as an Impulse -- 5.8 Basing Trust on the Emotions of the Other -- 5.9 The Possible Affective Base of 'Generalized Trust' and 'Trust Atmosphere' -- 5.10 Layers and Paths -- 5.11 Conclusions About Trust and Emotions -- References -- 6 Dynamics of Trust -- 6.1 Mental Ingredients in Trust Dynamics -- 6.2 Experience as an Interpretation Process: Causal Attribution for Trust -- 6.3 Changing the Trustee's Trustworthiness -- 6.4 The Dynamics of Reciprocal Trust and Distrust -- 6.5 The Diffusion of Trust: Authority, Example, Contagion, Web of Trust -- 6.6 Trust Through Transfer and Generalization -- 6.7 The Relativity of Trust: Reasons for Trust Crisis -- 6.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 7 Trust, Control and Autonomy: A Dialectic Relationship -- 7.1 Trust and Control: A Complex Relationship -- 7.2 Adjusting Autonomy and Delegation on the Basis of Trust in Y -- 7.3 Conclusions -- References -- 8 The Economic Reductionism and Trust (Ir)rationality -- 8.1 Irrational Basis for Trust? -- 8.2 Is Trust an 'Optimistic' and Irrational Attitude and Decision? -- 8.3 Is Trust Just the Subjective Probability of the Favorable Event? -- 8.4 Trust in Game Theory: from Opportunism to Reciprocity -- 8.5 Trust Game: A Procuste's Bed for Trust Theory -- 8.6 Does Trust Presuppose Reciprocity? -- 8.7 The Varieties of Trust Responsiveness -- 8.8 Trusting as Signaling -- 8.9 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 9 The Glue of Society -- 9.1 Why Trust is the 'Glue of Society' -- 9.2 Trust and Social Order -- 9.3 How the Action of Trust Acquires the Social Function of Creating Trust -- 9.4 From Micro to Macro: a Web of Trust -- 9.5 Trust and Contracts -- 9.6 Is Trust Based on Norms? -- 9.7 Trust: The Catalyst of Institutions.; References -- 10 On the Trustee's Side: Trust As Relational Capital -- 10.1 Trust and Relational Capital -- 10.2 Cognitive Model of Being Trusted -- 10.3 Dynamics of Relational Capital -- 10.4 From Trust Relational Capital to Reputational Capital -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 11 A Fuzzy Implementation for the Socio-Cognitive Approach to Trust -- 11.1 Using a Fuzzy Approach -- 11.2 Scenarios -- 11.3 Belief Sources -- 11.4 Building Belief Sources -- 11.5 Implementation with Nested FCMs -- 11.6 Converging and Diverging Belief Sources -- 11.7 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Sources -- 11.8 Modeling Beliefs and Sources -- 11.9 Overview of the Implementation -- 11.10 Description of the Model -- 11.11 Running ; the Model -- 11.12 Experimental Setting -- 11.13 Learning Mechanisms -- 11.14 Contract Nets for Evaluating Agent Trustworthiness -- References -- 12 Trust and Technology -- 12.1 Main Difference Between Security and Trust -- 12.2 Trust Models and Technology -- 12.3 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 13 Concluding Remarks and Pointers -- 13.1 Against Reductionism -- 13.2 Neuro-Trust and the Need for a Theoretical Model -- 13.3 Trust, Institutions, Politics (Some Pills of Reflection) -- References -- Index.
• Sommario/riassunto: This book provides an introduction, discussion, and formal-based modelling of trust theory and its applications in agent-based systems This book gives an accessible explanation of the importance of trust in human interaction and, in general, in autonomous cognitive agents including autonomous technologies. The authors explain the concepts of trust, and describe a principled, general theory of trust grounded on cognitive, cultural, institutional, technical, and normative solutions. This provides a strong base for the author's discussion of role of trust in agent-based systems supporting human-computer interaction and distributed and virtual organizations or markets (multi-agent systems). Key Features: . Provides an accessible introduction to trust, and its importance and applications in agent-based systems. Proposes a principled, general theory of trust grounding on cognitive, cultural, institutional, technical, and normative solutions. Offers a clear, intuitive approach, and systematic integration of relevant issues. Explains the dynamics of trust, and the relationship between trust and security. Offers operational definitions and models directly applicable both in technical and experimental domains. Includes a critical examination of trust models in economics, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and AI This book will be a valuable reference for researchers and advanced students focused on information and communication technologies (computer science, artificial intelligence, organizational sciences, and knowledge management etc.), as well as Web-site and robotics designers, and for scholars working on human, social, and cultural aspects of technology. Professionals of ecommerce systems and peer-to-peer systems will also find this text of interest.