Review of the U.S. Army's health risk assessments for oral exposure to six chemical-warfare agents / / Subcommittee on Chronic Reference Doses for Selected Chemical Chemical-Warfare Agents, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910965711903321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1999
• ISBN: 9786610185801; 9781280185809; 1280185805; 9780309539289; 0309539285; 9780585195674; 0585195676
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (320 p.)
• Collana: The Compass series
• Disciplina: 615.9/51
• Soggetti: Chemical agents (Munitions) - Toxicology; Chemical agents (Munitions) - Environmental aspects; Health risk assessment
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: Review of the U.S. Army's Health Risk Assessments For Oral Exposure to Six Chemical-Warfare Agents -- Copyright -- OTHER REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY -- Other Reports of the Committee on Toxicology -- Preface -- Contents -- Summary -- EVALUATION OF THE ARMY'S INTERIM RFDS AND SFS -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- GA -- GB -- GD -- VX -- SULFUR MUSTARD -- LEWISITE -- 1 Introduction -- REFERENCES -- 2 Derivation of Reference Doses -- REFERENCE-DOSE CALCULATION -- BENCHMARK DOSE -- UNCERTAINTY FACTORS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Evaluation of the Army's Interim Reference Dose for GA -- DERIVATION OF THE ARMY'S INTERIM RFD -- APPROPRIATENESS OF THE CRITICAL STUDY -- APPROPRIATENESS OF CRITICAL END POINT ; -- APPROPRIATENESS OF UNCERTAINTY FACTORS -- EXTRAPOLATION FROM ANIMAL TO HUMAN -- PROTECTING SUSCEPTIBLE SUBPOPULATIONS -- EXTRAPOLATION FROM LOAEL TO NOAEL -- EXTRAPOLATION FROM SUBCHRONIC TO CHRONIC EXPOSURES -- DATA-BASE ADEQUACY -- MODIFYING FACTOR FOR ADDITIONAL UNCERTAINTY -- SUMMARY -- WEIGHT AND STRENGTH OF EVIDENCE -- CONCLUSIONS -- DATA GAPS AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4 Evaluation of the Army's Interim Reference Dose for GB -- DERIVATION OF THE ARMY'S INTERIM RFD -- APPROPRIATENESS OF THE CRITICAL STUDY -- APPROPRIATENESS OF CRITICAL END POINT -- APPROPRIATENESS OF UNCERTAINTY FACTORS -- EXTRAPOLATION FROM ANIMAL TO HUMAN -- PROTECTING SUSCEPTIBLE SUBPOPULATIONS -- EXTRAPOLATION FROM LOAEL TO NOAEL -- EXTRAPOLATION FROM SUBCHRONIC TO CHRONIC EXPOSURES -- DATA-BASE ADEQUACY -- MODIFYING FACTOR FOR ADDITIONAL UNCERTAINTY -- SUMMARY -- WEIGHT AND STRENGTH OF EVIDENCE -- CONCLUSIONS -- DATA GAPS AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 EVALUATION OF THE ARMY'S INTERIM REFERENCE DOSE FOR GD -- DERIVATION OF THE ARMY'S INTERIM RFD -- APPROPRIATENESS OF THE CRITICAL STUDY.; APPROPRIATENESS OF CRITICAL END POINT -- APPROPRIATENESS OF UNCERTAINTY FACTORS -- EXTRAPOLATION FROM ANIMAL TO HUMAN -- PROTECTING SUSCEPTIBLE SUBPOPULATIONS -- EXTRAPOLATION FROM LOAEL TO NOAEL -- EXTRAPOLATION FROM SUBCHRONIC TO CHRONIC EXPOSURES -- DATA-BASE ADEQUACY -- MODIFYING FACTOR FOR ADDITIONAL UNCERTAINTY -- SUMMARY -- WEIGHT AND STRENGTH OF EVIDENCE -- CONCLUSIONS -- DATA GAPS AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 Evaluation of the Army's Interim Reference Dose for VX -- DERIVATION OF THE ARMY'S INTERIM RFD -- APPROPRIATENESS OF THE CRITICAL STUDY -- APPROPRIATENESS OF CRITICAL END POINT -- APPROPRIATENESS OF UNCERTAINTY FACTORS -- EXTRAPOLATION FROM ANIMAL TO HUMAN -- PROTECTING SUSCEPTIBLE SUBPOPULATIONS -- EXTRAPOLATION FROM LOAEL TO NOAEL -- EXTRAPOLATION FROM SUBCHRONIC TO CHRONIC EXPOSURES -- DATA-BASE ADEQUACY -- MODIFYING FACTOR FOR ADDITIONAL UNCERTAINTY -- SUMMARY -- WEIGHT AND STRENGTH OF EVIDENCE -- CONCLUSIONS -- DATA GAPS AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 Evaluation of the Army's Interim Reference Dose and Slope Factor For Sulfur Mustard -- EVALUATION OF THE ARMY'S INTERIM RFD -- DERIVATION OF THE ARMY'S INTERIM RFD -- APPROPRIATENESS OF THE CRITICAL STUDY -- APPROPRIATENESS OF CRITICAL END POINT -- APPROPRIATENESS OF UNCERTAINTY FACTORS -- Extrapolation from Animal to Human -- Protecting Susceptible Subpopulations -- Extrapolation from LOAEL to NOAEL -- Extrapolation from Subchronic to Chronic Exposures -- Data-Base Adequacy -- Modifying Factor for Additional Uncertainty -- Summary -- WEIGHT AND STRENGTH OF EVIDENCE -- EVALUATION OF THE ARMY'S INTERIM CANCER SLOPE FACTOR -- DERIVATION OF THE ARMY'S INTERIM CANCER SLOPE FACTOR -- APPROPRIATENESS OF METHOD USED -- WEIGHT AND STRENGTH OF EVIDENCE -- CONCLUSIONS -- DATA GAPS AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES.; 8 Evaluation of the Army's Interim Reference Dose for Lewisite -- DERIVATION OF THE ARMY'S INTERIM RFD -- APPROPRIATENESS OF THE CRITICAL STUDY -- APPROPRIATENESS OF CRITICAL END POINT -- APPROPRIATENESS OF UNCERTAINTY FACTORS -- EXTRAPOLATION FROM ANIMAL TO HUMAN -- PROTECTING SUSCEPTIBLE SUBPOPULATIONS -- EXTRAPOLATION FROM LOAEL TO NOAEL -- ; EXTRAPOLATION FROM SUBCHRONIC TO CHRONIC EXPOSURES -- DATA-BASE ADEQUACY -- MODIFYING FACTOR FOR ADDITIONAL UNCERTAINTY -- SUMMARY -- WEIGHT AND STRENGTH OF EVIDENCE -- CONCLUSIONS -- DATA GAPS AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- Glossary -- Appendix A Health Risk Assessment for The Nerve Agent GA -- HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT FOR THE NERVE AGENT GA -- DISCLAIMER -- PREFACE -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- LIST OF TABLES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- 1.2. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE -- 1.2.1 Air -- 1.2.2 Water -- 1.2.3 Soil -- 2. MECHANISM OF ACTION -- 2.1 Effects of Organophosphate Agents on the Nervous System -- 2.2 Effect on Blood Cholinesterases -- 2.2.1 Intra- and Interspecies Variation in Blood Cholinesterase Activity -- 2.2.2 Potency of Nerve Agents as Cholinesterase Inhibitors -- 3. TOXICOLOGY -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Acute Toxicity -- 3.3 Subchronic Toxicity -- 3.4 Chronic Toxicity -- 3.5 Nervous System Toxicity -- 3.6 Developmental and Reproductive Effects -- 3.7 Carcinogenicity -- 3.8 Genotoxicity -- 4. ORAL REFERENCE DOSE FOR GA -- 4.1 Cholinesterase Inhibition as an RfD Endpoint -- 4.2 Derivation of the Oral RfD for GA -- 4.3 Overall Confidence in the Oral RfD -- 4.4 Comparison of the Oral RfD with Human Toxicity Data -- 5. CARCINOGENICITY ASSESSMENT -- 6. REFERENCES CITED -- APPENDIX A -- APPENDIX B -- APPENDIX C -- Appendix B Health Risk Assessment for The Nerve Agent GB -- HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT FOR THE NERVE AGENT GB -- DISCLAIMER -- PREFACE -- TABLE OF CONTENTS.; LIST OF TABLES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- 1.2. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE -- 1.2.1. Air -- 1.2.2 Water -- 1.2.3 Soil -- 2. MECHANISM OF ACTION -- 2.1 Effects of Organophosphate Agents on the Nervous System -- 2.2 Effect on Blood Cholinesterases -- 2.2.1 Intra- and Interspecies Variation in Blood Cholinesterase Activity -- 2.2.2 Potency of Nerve Agents as Cholinesterase Inhibitors -- 3. TOXICOLOGY -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Acute Toxicity -- 3.3 Subchronic Toxicity -- 3.4 Chronic Toxicity -- 3.5 Nervous System Toxicity -- 3.6 Developmental and Reproductive Effects -- 3.7 Carcinogenicity -- 3.8 Genotoxicity -- 4. ORAL REFERENCE DOSE FOR GB -- 4.1 Cholinesterase Inhibition as an RfD Endpoint -- 4.2 Derivation of the Oral RfD -- 4.3 Overall Confidence in the Oral RfD -- 4.4 Comparison of the RfD with Human Toxicity Data -- 5. CARCINOGENICITY ASSESSMENT -- 6. REFERENCES CITED -- APPENDIX A -- APPENDIX B -- Appendix C Health Risk Assessment for The Nerve Agent GD (Soman) -- HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT FOR NERVE AGENT GD (SOMAN) -- DISCLAIMER -- PREFACE -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- LIST OF TABLES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- 1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE -- 1.2.1 Air -- 1.2.2 Water -- 1.2.3 Soil -- 2. MECHANISM OF ACTION -- 2.1 Effects of Organophosphate Agents on the Nervous System -- 2.2 Effect on Blood Cholinesterases -- 2.2.1 Intra-and Interspecies Variation in Blood Cholinesterase Activity -- 2.2.2 Potency of Nerve Agents as Cholinesterase Inhibitors -- 3. TOXICOLOGY -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Short-term Toxicity -- 3.3 Subchronic Toxicity -- 3.4 Chronic Toxicity -- 3.5 Nervous System Effects -- 3.6 Developmental and Reproductive Effects -- 3.7 Carcinogenicity and Genotoxicity -- 4. ORAL REFERENCE DOES FOR GD -- 4.1 Cholinesterase Inhibition as an RfD Endpoint -- 4.2 Derivation of the Oral RfD for GD.; 4.3 Comparison of RfD with Toxicity Data -- 5. CARCINOGENICITY ASSESSMENT FOR GD -- 6. REFERENCES CITED -- APPENDIX A -- APPENDIX D Health Risk Assessment for The Nerve Agent VX -- ; HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT FOR THE NERVE AGENT VX -- DISCLAIMER -- PREFACE -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- LIST OF TABLES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- 1.2. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE -- 1.2.1 Air -- 1.2.2 Water -- 1.2.3 Soil -- 2. MECHANISM OF ACTION -- 2.1 Effects of Organophosphate Compounds on the Nervous System -- 2.2 Effect on Blood Cholinesterases -- 2.2.1 Intra- and Interspecies Variation in Blood Cholinesterase Activity -- 2.2.2 Potency of Nerve Agents as Cholinesterase Inhibitors -- 2.2.3 Cholinesterase Inhibition by VX -- 3. TOXICOLOGY -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Acute Toxicity -- 3.3 Subchronic Toxicity -- 3.4 Chronic Toxicity -- 3.5 Nervous System Toxicity -- 3.6 Developmental and Reproductive Effects -- 3.7 Carcinogenicity -- 3.8 Genotoxicity -- 4. ORAL REFERENCE DOSE FOR VX -- 4.1 Cholinesterase Inhibition as an RfD Endpoint -- 4.2 Derivation of the Oral RfD for VX -- 4.3 Overall Confidence in the RfD -- 4.4 Comparison of RfD with Human Toxicity Data -- 5. CARCINOGENICITY ASSESSMENT -- 6. REFERENCES CITED -- APPENDIX A -- APPENDIX B -- APPENDIX C -- APPENDIX C -- APPENDIX D -- Appendix E Health Risk Assessment for Sulfur Mustard (HD) -- HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT FOR SULFUR MUSTARD (HD) -- DISCLAIMER -- PREFACE -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- LIST OF TABLES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- 1.2. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE -- 1.2.1 Air -- 1.2.2 Water -- 1.2.3 Soil -- 2 MECHANISM OF ACTION -- 3. TOXICOLOGY -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Acute Toxicity -- 3.3 Subchronic Toxicity -- 3.4 Chronic Toxicity -- 3.4.1 Human Data -- 3.4.2 Animal Studies -- 3.5 Delayed Toxicity -- 3.6 Developmental and Reproductive Effects -- 3.7 Carcinogenicity.; 3.7.1 Human Data.