Rock fractures and fluid flow : contemporary understanding and applications / / Committee on Fracture Characterization and Fluid Flow ... [et al.]

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910965598303321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1996
• ISBN: 9786610195893; 9780309176880; 0309176883; 9781280195891; 1280195894; 9780309563482; 0309563488; 9780585024042; 0585024049
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (567 p.)
• Disciplina: 624.1/5132
• Soggetti: Rocks - Fracture; Rock mechanics; Fluid dynamics; Hydrogeology
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: "National Research Council"--Cover.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Rock Fractures And Fluid Flow -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- 1 Rock Fractures and Fluid Flow: Practical Problems -- PROBLEMS INVOLVING FRACTURES IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE -- Reservoirs -- Petroleum Reservoirs -- Geothermal Reservoirs and Hot Dry Rock -- Water Supply Reservoirs -- Groundwater Contamination -- Toxic and Hazardous Wastes -- High-Level Nuclear Waste -- Mining -- Structures -- Natural and Artificially Cut Slopes -- Dams and Surface Storage Reservoirs -- Underground Structures -- Underground Fluid Storage and Transport Structures -- CONCLUSION -- Appendix 1.A Fractures In The Geysers Field -- ; Appendix 1.B Superfund Site: Byron Salvage Yard -- REFERENCES -- 2 Physical Characteristics of Fractures and Fracture Patterns -- DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION -- GENESIS OF FRACTURES -- FLAWS, STRESS CONCENTRATION, AND FRACTURE INITIATION -- FRACTURE PROPAGATION AND INTERNAL STRUCTURES -- FRACTURE GEOMETRIES -- Geometry of Single Joints -- Geometry of Single Small Faults -- FRACTURE SETS -- Fault Sets -- INTERACTION AND LINKAGE OF JOINTS -- INTERACTION AND LINKAGE OF FAULTS -- FRACTURE ZONES -- Joint Zones -- Fault Zones -- MULTIPLE SETS OF FRACTURES -- Multiple-Joint Patterns -- Multiple Fault Patterns -- Normal Faults -- Thrust Faults -- Strike-Slip Faults -- SCALING UP FRACTURE PROPERTIES -- IMPLICATIONS FOR FRACTURE NETWORK MODELS -- Appendix 2.A Diagenetic Enhancement Of Natural Fracture Permeability -- FRACTURE CHARACTERISTICS -- INFLUENCE OF DIAGENESIS ON FRACTURE BEHAVIOR -- INFLUENCE OF LARGE DRAWDOWNS ON FRACTURE PERMEABILITY -- Appendix 2.B Fracture Patterns In Frontier Formation Sandstones, Southwestern Wyoming -- Appendix 2.C Role Of Pore Fluids In The San Andreas Fault -- REFERENCES -- 3 Physical Properties and Fundamental Processes in Fractures -- GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES AND STRESS EFFECTS.; Roughness of Fracture Surfaces -- Void Geometry -- STRESS EFFECTS ON FRACTURE VOID GEOMETRY -- Normal Stress Effects -- Shear Stress Effects -- Effects of Fracture Origin -- SINGLE-PHASE FLUID FLOW IN FRACTURES -- Normal Stress Conditions -- Shear Stress Conditions -- Thermal and Chemical Effects -- SOLUTE TRANSPORT -- TWO-PHASE IMMISCIBLE FLUID FLOW -- Static and Quasi-Static Conditions -- Dynamic Conditions -- SEISMIC PROPERTIES -- Effective Media Models -- Velocity -- Attenuation -- Discrete Fracture Effects -- Relationship to Hydraulic Properties -- ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES -- Bulk Properties -- Relationship Between Hydraulic and Electrical Properties -- SUMMARY -- Appendix 3.A Seismic Displacement Discontinuity Theory -- Appendix 3.B Gravity-Driven Infiltration Flow Instability -- Appendix 3.C Influence of Two-Phase Structure On Fracture Permeability And Solute Transport -- REFERENCES -- 4 Fracture Detection Methods -- SURFACE METHODS -- Seismic Reflection -- P Waves -- S Waves -- Electrical and Electromagnetic Methods -- Electrical Methods -- Electromagnetic Methods -- Ground-Penetrating Radar -- Tiltmeters -- Geological Observations -- BOREHOLE-BOREHOLE AND BOREHOLE-SURFACE METHODS -- Vertical Seismic Profiling -- Transmission Tomography -- Seismic Tomography -- Radar Tomography -- Electromagnetic Tomography -- Electric Resistivity Tomography -- Borehole Reflection Methods -- Cross-Hole Seismic Reflection -- Borehole Radar -- Coupled Inversion of Transmission and Reflection Data -- Acoustic Emissions -- SINGLE-HOLE METHODS -- Core Inspection -- Conventional Well Logs -- Borehole Imaging Logs -- Acoustic Waveform Logging Methods -- High-Resolution Flowmeter Methods -- FLUID FLOW MONITORING USING GEOPHYSICAL METHODS -- DISCUSSION -- Appendix 4.A Directional Borehole Radar System.; Appendix 4.B Summary Of Conventional Log Applications In Fracture Studies -- Appendix 4.C Flowmeter Case Studies -- Appendix 4.D Example Of Shear-Wave Anisotropy In Fractured Reservoirs -- REFERENCES -- 5 Hydraulic and Tracer Testing of Fractured Rocks -- HYDRAULIC TESTS -- Hydraulic Testing in a Single Borehole -- Open-Borehole Versus Packer Tests -- Test Procedures -- Models of Single-Borehole Hydraulic Tests -- Estimation of Model Parameters -- Wellbore Storage and Skin Effects -- Hydraulic Testing with Multiple Boreholes -- Test Procedures -- Models of Multiple-Borehole Hydraulic ; Tests -- Estimation of Model Parameters -- TRACER TESTS -- Solute Transport Processes -- Advection and Dispersion -- Fracture Channels and Channelized Transport -- Diffusion into Stagnant Water and Rock Matrix -- Adsorption -- Field Methodology -- Natural Gradient Tracer Test -- Divergent Flow Tracer Test -- Convergent Flow Tracer Test -- Two-Well Tracer Test -- Borehole Dilution Test -- Analysis of Tracer Tests -- Research Needs -- Appendix 5.A Example Of A Conductive Network Exhibiting Fractal Geometry -- Appendix 5.B Using A Multiple-Borehole Test To Determine The Hydraulic Conductivity Tensor Of A Rock Mass -- Appendix 5.C Using A Numberical Model And Inverse Method To Analyze A Multiple-Borehole Hydraulic Test -- Appendix 5.D A Radially Convergent Flow Tracer Test In A Fractured Chalk Formation -- Appendix 5.E A Large-Scale Flow And Tracer Experiment In Granite -- Appendix 5.F Diagnostic Well Test Analysis At The Fracture Research Investigation -- Appendix 5.G The Fracture Zone Project At Finnsjön -- REFERENCES -- 6 Field-Scale Flow and Transport Models -- DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTUAL AND MATHEMATICAL MODELS -- Overview -- Geology of the Fractured Rock -- Scale of Interest -- Purpose for Which the Model Is Being Developed -- Development of a Conceptual Model.; Mathematical Models -- EQUIVALENT CONTINUUM SIMULATION MODELS -- The Continuum Approximation -- Single-Porosity Models Developed in a Deterministic Framework -- Fluid Flow -- Solute Transport -- Dual-Porosity Models -- Fluid Flow -- Solute Transport -- Stochastic Continuum Models -- Assessment of Continuum Modeling -- DISCRETE NETWORK SIMULATION MODELS -- Why Consider Discrete Network Models? -- Geological Issues in the Statistical Representation of Fracture Networks -- Stochastic Models of Fracture Networks -- Orthogonal Models and Their Extensions -- Poisson Plane Models -- Estimation of Model Parameters for Statistical Models of Fracture Networks -- Fracture Density -- Fracture Orientation -- Fracture Size -- Transmissivity of Individual Fractures -- Applications of Discrete Network Models in Media with Significant Matrix Porosity -- Assessment of Discrete Network Models -- HYBRID METHODS: USING DISCRETE NETWORK MODELS IN BUILDING CONTINUUM APPROXIMATIONS -- Fluid Flow -- Estimation of Continuum Properties from Fracture Network Analysis -- Estimation of Continuum Properties Based on Percolation Theory -- Solute Transport -- DISCRETE NETWORK MODELS WITH SCALE-DEPENDENT PROPERTIES -- Basic Issues -- Geological Evidence of Scale-Dependent Properties -- Geometric Models Incorporating Spatial Relationships Between Neighboring Fractures -- Geometric Models Incorporating Clustering of Fractures -- Geometric Models Based on Fracture Mechanics -- Flow and Transport Models -- Discrete Network Flow Models Conditioned on Hydraulic Behavior -- Equivalent Discontinuum Models -- Emerging Concepts -- Assessment of Scale-Dependent Discrete Fracture Models -- MODELS OF MORE COMPLEX HYDROGEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS -- Modeling Flow and Transport in the Unsaturated Zone -- Modeling Multiphase Flow in Fractured Rocks -- Chemical Processes.; Modeling Heat Transfer in Fractured Rocks -- SUMMARY -- Appendix 6.A Model Prediction Using A Continuum Approach: The URL Drawdown Experiment -- Appendix 6.B Percolation Theory -- Appendix 6.C Connectivity -- REFERENCES -- 7 Induced Changes to Fracture Systems -- CHANGES IN FRACTURE VOID GEOMETRY DUE TO CHANGES IN EFFECTIVE STRESS -- Changes in Fracture Aperture Due to Fluid Pressure Changes -- Effective Stress and Fluid Flow -- Effective Stress and Anisotropy -- Determining Effective Stress -- Predicting the Behavior of Stress-Sensitive Flow -- Assessment of Models of Stress-; Sensitive Fluid Flow -- Creation or Extension of Fractures Due to Increases in Fluid Pressures -- Fracture Initiation and Growth -- Stress Sensitivity Tests -- Monitoring of Fracture Location -- Fracture Propagation Models -- Deformation or Failure Owing to General Changes in the State of Stress -- Stress Distribution and Stress-Permeability Relationships -- Modeling Deformation and Failure -- Deformation or Failure of Fractures Owing to Heating or Cooling of the Rock -- Thermoelasticity and Flow -- Coupled Heat, Flow, and Stress Models -- CHANGES IN FRACTURE FLUIDS -- Changes in Fluid Phase -- Principles Governing Phase Changes -- Changes in Fluid Interfaces -- ADDITION OF SOLIDS -- Proppant -- Filtration for Proppants and Grouting -- Proppant Engineering -- Grouting -- Grouting Principles -- Models for Grouting -- REDISTRIBUTION OF EXISTING SOLIDS BY CHEMICAL PROCESSES -- Chemical Mobilization and Swelling of Clays -- Dissolution and Precipitation -- Models -- Alteration of Existing Solids -- Colloidal Suspensions -- ENGINEERING UNDER UNCERTAIN CONDITIONS -- Reducing Uncertainty -- Explicit Consideration of Uncertainty in Decision Making -- Adaptable/Observational Methods -- SUMMARY OF DEFICIENCIES AND RESEARCH NEEDS -- Appendix 7.A Natural Fracturing.; Appendix 7.B Drainage Methods In Construction.
• Sommario/riassunto: Scientific understanding of fluid flow in rock fractures--a process underlying contemporary earth science problems from the search for petroleum to the controversy over nuclear waste storage--has grown significantly in the past 20 years. This volume presents a comprehensive report on the state of the field, with an interdisciplinary viewpoint, case studies of fracture sites, illustrations, conclusions, and research recommendations. The book addresses these questions: How can fractures that are significant hydraulic conductors be identified, located, and characterized? How do flow and transport occur in fracture systems? How can changes in fracture systems be predicted and controlled? Among other topics, the committee provides a geomechanical understanding of fracture formation, reviews methods for detecting subsurface fractures, and looks at the use of hydraulic and tracer tests to investigate fluid flow. The volume examines the state of conceptual and mathematical modeling, and it provides a useful framework for understanding the complexity of fracture changes that occur during fluid pumping and other engineering practices. With a practical and multidisciplinary outlook, this volume will be welcomed by geologists, petroleum geologists, geoengineers, geophysicists, hydrologists, researchers, educators and students in these fields, and public officials involved in geological projects.