Nanobeam x-ray scattering : probing matter at the nanoscale / / Julian Stangl [and three others]

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910139013203321
• Autore: Stangl Julian
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Hoboken, New Jersey : , : John Wiley & sons, , 2013
• ISBN: 3-527-65508-5; 3-527-65506-9; 3-527-65509-3
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (284 p.)
• Disciplina: 539.7222
• Soggetti: Electron probe microanalysis; Nanotechnology; X-rays - Scattering
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Nanobeam X-Ray Scattering; Contents; Foreword; Preface; 1 Introduction; 1.1 X-ray Interaction with Matter; 1.1.1 Transmission of X-ray; 1.1.2 Diffraction of X-rays; 1.1.3 X-ray Elemental Sensitivity; 1.2 Diffraction at Different Length scales and Real-Space Resolution; 1.2.1 How to Produce an X-ray Nanobeam; 1.2.2 Experiments with Nanobeams; 1.2.3 Coherence Properties of Small Beams; 1.2.4 Side Issues ?; 1.3 Future Developments; 2 X-ray Diffraction Principles; 2.1 A Brief Introduction to Diffraction Theory; 2.1.1 Interference of X-ray Waves; 2.2 Kinematic X-ray Diffraction Theory; 2.2.1 The Structure Factor 2.2.2 The Form Factor; 2.2.3 Reciprocal Lattice of Nanostructures; 2.2.4 The Phase Problem; 2.3 Reflectivity; 2.4 Properties of X-ray Beams; 2.5 A Note on Coherence; 2.5.1 Longitudinal Coherence and Wavelength Distribution; 2.5.2 Longitudinal Coherence Length; 2.5.3 Transverse Coherence and Thermal Sources; 2.5.4 Transverse Coherence Length; 2.6 X-ray Sources; 2.7 Diffraction Measurement: How to Access q in a Real Experiment; 2.7.1 Diffraction Geometries; 2.7.2 Length scales; 3 X-ray Focusing Elements Characterization; 3.1 Introduction and Context; 3.2 Refractive X-ray Lenses 3.2.1 Characterization of Focusing ; Elements; 3.2.2 Spherical Refractive X-ray Lenses; 3.2.3 Parabolic Compound Refractive Lenses (CRL); 3.2.4 Kinoform Lenses; 3.2.5 Characteristics of the Refractive Lenses; 3.3 X-ray Mirrors. Reflection of X-rays at Surfaces; 3.3.1 Reflective X-ray Optics (Kirkpatrick-Baez Mirrors); 3.3.2 Capillaries; 3.3.3 Waveguides (Resonators); 3.3.4 Other Reflective Optical Elements; 3.4 Diffraction X-ray Optics; 3.4.1 Fresnel Zone Plates; 3.4.2 Hologram of a Point Object; 3.4.3 Quantities Characterizing a Binary Zone Plate; 3.4.4 Multilevel Zone Plate 3.4.5 Getting a Clean and Intense Focused Beam with ZPs; 3.4.6 Bragg-Fresnel Lenses; 3.4.7 Multilayer Laue Lenses; 3.4.8 Photon Sieves; 3.4.9 Beam Compressors; 3.5 Other X-ray Optics; 3.6 Measuring the Size of the X-ray Focused Spot; 3.7 Conclusion; 4 Scattering Experiments Using Nanobeams; 4.1 From the Ensemble Average Approach towards the Single Nanostructure Study; 4.1.1 A Motivation for the Use of Small X-ray Beams; 4.1.2 Required Focused Beam Properties; 4.2 Scanning X-ray Diffraction Microscopy; 4.3 Finite Element Based Analysis of Diffraction Data; 4.4 Single Structure Inside a Device 4.5 Examples from Biology; 4.6 Recent Experiments: The Current Limits; 4.6.1 Strain Distribution in Nanoscale Ridges; 4.6.2 Between Single Structure and Ensemble Average; 4.7 Outlook; 4.7.1 Experimental Developments; 5 Nanobeam Diffraction Setups; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Typical X-ray Diffraction Setup; 5.3 Nanodiffraction Setup Requirements; 5.3.1 Diffractometer; 5.3.2 Restriction of Setup; 5.3.3 Stability: How to Keep the Beam on the Sample; 5.3.4 Beating Drifts: More Solutions; 5.4 Nanobeam and Coherence Setup; 5.5 Detectors: Pixel and Time Resolution, Dynamical Range
• Sommario/riassunto: A comprehensive overview of the possibilities and potential of X-ray scattering using nanofocused beams for probing matter at the nanoscale, including guidance on the design of nanobeam experiments. The monograph discusses various sources, including free electron lasers, synchrotron radiation and other portable and non-portable X-ray sources.For scientists using synchrotron radiation or students and scientists with a background in X-ray scattering methods in general.

To Gaurus on how embryos are ensouled : and, On what is in our power / Porphyry ; translated by James Wilberding

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910964789503321
• Autore: Porphyry <approximately 234-approximately 305, >
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: London, : Bristol Classical Press, 2011
• ISBN: 9781472552099; 1472552091; 9781472501677; 1472501675
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (191 p.)
• Collana: Ancient commentators on Aristotle
• Altri autori (Persone): Porphyry <approximately 234-approximately 305.>
• Disciplina: 128.1; 186.4
• Soggetti: Birth (Philosophy); Embryos
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: "Paperback edition first published 2014"--T. p. verso.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references (pages 171-176)
• Nota di contenuto: Preface -- Conventions -- Abbreviations -- To Gaurus On How Embryos are Ensouled -- Textual Emendations and Conjectures -- Introduction -- Translation -- Notes -- Appendix 1: Anonymous Christianus, Hermippus or On Astrology 2.17 -- Appendix 2: Michael Psellus, from On How the Soul of the Body Enters and from When Embryos are Ensouled -- English-Greek Glossary -- Greek-English Index -- Subject Index -- On What is in Our Power -- Textual Emendations and Conjectures -- Introduction -- Porphyry's Commentary on Plato's Republic (181-187F Smith) -- Translation -- Notes
• Sommario/riassunto: "Concerning embryos, Porphyry takes an original view on issues that had been left undecided by his teacher Plotinus and earlier by the doctor Galen. What role is played in the development of the embryo by the souls or the natures of the father, of the mother, of the embryo, or of the whole world? Porphyry's detailed answer, in contrast to Aristotle's, gives a big role to the soul and to the nature of the mother, without, however, abandoning Aristotle's view that the mother supplies no seed. In the fragments of "On What is in Our Power", "Porphyry" ; discusses Plato's idea that we choose each of our incarnations, and so are responsible for what happens in our lives."--Bloomsbury Publishing; Concerning embryos, Porphyry takes an original view on issues that had been left undecided by his teacher Plotinus and earlier by the doctor Galen. What role is played in the development of the embryo by the souls or the natures of the father, of the mother, of the embryo, or of the whole world? Porphyry's detailed answer, in contrast to Aristotle's, gives a significant role to the soul and to the nature of the mother, without, however, abandoning Aristotle's view that the mother supplies no seed. In the fragments of On What is in Our Power, "Porphyry" discusses Plato's idea that we choose each of our incarnations, and so are responsible for what happens in our lives. This volume contains an English translation of the two commentaries, as well as extensive notes, an introduction and a bibliography.