Plastic scintillators : chemistry and applications / / Matthieu Hamel, editor

• Record Nr.: UNISA996466731503316
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2021]; ©2021
• ISBN: 3-030-73488-9
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (647 pages)
• Collana: Topics in applied physics ; ; 140
• Disciplina: 539.775
• Soggetti: Organic scintillators
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Foreword -- References -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I Materials -- 1 Introduction-Overview on Plastic and Inorganic Scintillators -- 1.1 History of Scintillators -- 1.2 Plastic Scintillator Chemists -- 1.3 The Scintillation Process in Plastics and Inorganic Materials/Crystals -- 1.4 Typical Preparation Process and Size Possibilities -- 1.5 Main Parameters and Tools for Modification or Improvement -- 1.5.1 Light Yield -- 1.5.2 Decay Time -- 1.5.3 Emission Wavelength -- 1.5.4 Behavior Against External Environment -- 1.5.5 Effective Atomic Number and Density -- 1.6 Summary -- References -- 2 Neutron/Gamma Pulse Shape Discrimination in Plastics Scintillators: From Development to Commercialization -- 2.1 Physical Basis for Neutron/Gamma Discrimination in Organic Scintillators -- 2.2 Plastic Scintillators with Efficient Fast Neutron/Gamma Discrimination -- 2.2.1 PPO-Based PSD Plastics -- 2.2.2 PSD Plastics Utilizing Alternative Dyes and Dye Mixtures -- 2.3 PSD Plastics for Combined Detection of Fast and Thermal Neutrons -- 2.3.1 10B-loaded PSD Plastic Scintillators -- 2.3.2 6Li-loaded PSD Plastic Scintillators -- 2.4 Commercialization and Further Directions of Studies -- References -- 3 The Detection of Slow Neutrons -- 3.1 Slow Neutrons: Essential Features -- 3.1.1 The Definition of Slow Neutrons -- 3.1.2 The Origins of Slow Neutrons -- 3.2 Nuclear Reactions of Interest in Slow Neutron Detection -- 3.2.1 Natural Abundance, Reaction Cross Section, Q-Value, and Typology of Reaction Products -- 3.2.2 Main Nuclear ; Reactions of Interest -- 3.2.3 Size of the Scintillator: Slow Neutron Mean Free Path and the Interaction of Reaction Products -- 3.3 Detection of Reaction Products and n/γ Discrimination -- 3.3.1 Background Radiation -- 3.3.2 Pulse Height Discrimination -- 3.3.3 Pulse Shape Discrimination -- 3.3.4 Compensated Detectors.; 3.3.5 Multiplicity-Gated Detection -- 3.3.6 Capture-Gated Detection -- 3.4 Figures of Merit for Slow Neutron Detectors -- 3.4.1 Figures of Merit About the Response to Neutrons -- 3.4.2 Figures of Merit About the Response to Gamma Rays -- 3.4.3 Figures of Merit About the Response to Neutron Against the Response to Gamma Rays -- 3.5 Incorporation of Neutron Converters into Plastic Scintillator-Based Detectors -- 3.5.1 Homogeneous Incorporation -- 3.5.2 Heterogeneous Incorporation -- 3.6 Applications of Plastic Scintillators to the Detection of Slow Neutrons -- 3.6.1 Homeland Security -- 3.6.2 Neutron Flux Monitoring and Source Characterization -- 3.6.3 Reactor Antineutrino Experiments, Surveillance, and Monitoring -- References -- 4 Chemical Approach on Organometallic Loading in Plastic Scintillators and Its Applications -- 4.1 Introduction/Context -- 4.1.1 Plastic Scintillation -- 4.1.2 Frame of This Chapter -- 4.1.3 Properties Optimization -- 4.1.4 Chemical Design and Material Science, What the Loading Implies -- 4.1.5 Organization of This Chapter: Application Driven -- 4.2 Scintillation Process Enhancement -- 4.2.1 Triplet Harvesting -- 4.2.2 Iridium Complexes -- 4.2.3 Europium Complexes -- 4.3 Photon Detection -- 4.3.1 Theory -- 4.3.2 X-ray Detection -- 4.3.3 Gamma Detection -- 4.4 Neutron Detection -- 4.4.1 Thermal Neutron -- 4.4.2 Lithium Loading -- 4.4.3 Boron Loading -- 4.4.4 Cadmium and Gadolinium Loading -- 4.5 Conclusion -- 4.6 Table by Elements -- References -- 5 Polysiloxane-Based Scintillators -- 5.1 Foreword -- 5.1.1 Silicon-Based Polymer Properties: Chemistry -- 5.1.2 The Synthesis of Silicones -- 5.2 Optical Properties of Phenyl-Containing Polysiloxanes -- 5.3 Design of Polysiloxane-Based Scintillators -- 5.3.1 Energy Transfer in Organic Polymers -- 5.3.2 Polymeric Scintillators -- 5.3.3 Polysiloxane-Based Scintillators.; 5.4 Polysiloxane Scintillators for Neutron Detection -- 5.4.1 Neutron Detection in Organic Scintillators -- 5.4.2 B and Li Loaded Polysiloxanes for Detection of Thermal Neutrons -- 5.4.3 Design of Polysiloxane Scintillators for n/γ Discrimination -- 5.5 Summary -- References -- 6 Composite Scintillators -- 6.1 Introduction to Organic-Inorganic Composites -- 6.1.1 Overview on Fabrication Methods of Nanocomposites -- 6.1.2 Optical Properties Related to the Nanocomposite Structure -- 6.2 Plastic Scintillators Incorporating Non-emitting Inorganic Nanoparticles -- 6.2.1 Sol-gel-Derived Organic-Inorganic Composite Scintillators -- 6.2.2 Nanocomposite Scintillators Fabricated via Two-Step Synthesis -- 6.3 Nanocomposite Scintillators Comprising Luminescent Nanoparticles -- 6.3.1 Nanocomposite Scintillators Comprising Inorganic Phosphor Nanoparticles -- 6.3.2 Nanocomposite Scintillators Comprising Semiconductor Nanocrystals -- 6.4 Summary and Future Prospects -- References -- 7 Molecular Design Considerations for Different Classes of Organic Scintillators -- 7.1 Design Considerations for Crystalline, Plastic, and Liquid Scintillators -- 7.1.1 Background on Scintillation Mechanisms -- 7.1.2 Process (1): Direct Excitation into π-Electronic States -- 7.1.3 Process (2): Overview of Direct Ionization and Recombination of π-states -- 7.1.4 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Different Classes of Organic Scintillators -- 7.2 Future Opportunities -- References -- 8 Organic Glass Scintillators -- 8.1 Introduction to Organic Glass Scintillators -- 8.2 Glassy State of Matter -- 8.3 Differentiating Characteristics of Organic Molecular Glasses -- ; 8.4 Design Strategies for Stable Organic Molecular Glasses -- 8.4.1 Nonplanar Structures -- 8.4.2 Increasing Molecular Size -- 8.4.3 Multiple Conformations -- 8.4.4 Physical Mixtures.; 8.5 Fluorescent Molecular Glasses as Organic Glass Scintillators (OGSs) -- 8.6 Organic Glass Scintillators: Case Studies -- 8.7 Organic Glass Thermal and Mechanical Properties -- 8.7.1 Mechanical Strength: Intermolecular Interactions -- 8.7.2 Mechanical Strength: Organic Glass/Polymer Blending -- 8.8 Properties of OGS/Polymer Blends -- 8.8.1 Effect of Small-Molecule Additives on Tg -- 8.8.2 Scintillation Properties of OGS/Polymer Blends -- 8.9 Organic Glass Scintillator Fabrication Methods -- 8.10 Long-Term Stability and Environmental Aging of Organic Glass Scintillators -- 8.10.1 Surface Versus Bulk Diffusion -- 8.10.2 Accelerated Aging of Organic Glasses and Mitigation Methods -- 8.11 Compatibility of OGS with Multi-functional Additives -- 8.11.1 Boron-Loaded OGS for Fast Neutron/Gamma PSD and Thermal Neutron Capture -- 8.11.2 Metal-Loaded OGS for Fast Neutron/Gamma PSD and Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy -- 8.12 Summary and Future Outlook -- References -- Part II Applications -- 9 Optical Improvements of Plastic Scintillators by Nanophotonics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Enhancement of Light Extraction Efficiency of Plastic Scintillators by Photonic Crystals -- 9.2.1 Introduction of Photonic Crystals -- 9.2.2 Enhancement Mechanism of Light Extraction Efficiency by Photonic Crystals -- 9.2.3 Control of Directional Emission by Photonic Crystals -- 9.2.4 Consideration for the Structural Design of Photonic Crystals -- 9.3 Control of Directional Emission of Plastic Scintillators by Plasmonic Lattice Resonances -- 9.4 Patterning Techniques for Plastic Scintillators -- 9.4.1 Self-assembly Lithography -- 9.4.2 Nanoimprint Lithography (NIL) -- 9.4.3 X-Ray Interference Lithography (XIL) -- 9.5 Improved Scintillation Performance of Detectors by Photonic Crystals -- 9.6 Summary and Remark -- References.; 10 Analog and Digital Signal Processing for Nuclear Instrumentation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Light to Electric Signal Conversion -- 10.2.1 Design of PMTs -- 10.2.2 Solid-State Semiconductor Photodetectors -- 10.3 The Signal Acquisition Frontend -- 10.3.1 Charge to Voltage Conversion -- 10.3.2 Gain and Pulse Shaping Stage -- 10.3.3 Voltage Limiters -- 10.3.4 Impedance Matching and Other Effects -- 10.4 The Digitization Stage -- 10.4.1 Signal Digitization Basics -- 10.4.2 Digitizer Architectures -- 10.5 Signal Processing and Feature Extraction -- 10.5.1 Low-Level Digital Stream Processing -- 10.5.2 Digital Pulse Processing -- 10.6 Data and Information Processing -- 10.6.1 Count Rate Analysis -- 10.6.2 Discrimination of the Nature of the Interactions -- 10.6.3 Spectral Unmixing and Radionuclide Identification -- 10.7 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Radioactive Noble Gas Detection and Measurement with Plastic Scintillators -- 11.1 Radioactive Noble Gas Isotopes -- 11.1.1 Kr-85 -- 11.1.2 Xe-131m -- 11.1.3 Xe-133 -- 11.1.4 Xe-133m -- 11.1.5 Xe-135 -- 11.1.6 Ar-37 -- 11.1.7 Rn-222 and Progenies -- 11.1.8 Rn-220 and Progenies -- 11.2 Application of Plastic Scintillators to the Detection of Noble Gas -- 11.2.1 Xenon Detection Systems for the CTBT Network -- 11.2.2 Kr-85 Monitors Using Plastic Scintillators -- 11.2.3 Radon and Thoron Detection and Measurement with Plastic Scintillators -- 11.3 RNG-Related Properties of Plastic Scintillators -- 11.3.1 Noble Gas Absorption in Plastic Materials -- 11.3.2 Application of Pulse Shape Discrimination to 222Rn Measurements -- 11.3.3 Description of the Alpha-Particle Peak Shapes in 222Rn Measurements with Plastic Scintillators -- 11.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 12 Recent Advances and Clinical ; Applications of Plastic Scintillators in the Field of Radiation Therapy -- 12.1 Introduction.; 12.2 Basic Dosimetry Properties of Plastic Scintillators.

Journalism and conflict in Indonesia : from reporting violence to promoting peace / / Steve Sharp

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910962123203321
• Autore: Sharp Steve
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Abingdon, Oxon : , : Routledge, , 2013
• ISBN: 1-136-21344-9; 0-203-09539-1; 1-283-87178-5; 1-136-21345-7
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (271 p.)
• Collana: Routledge contemporary Southeast Asia series ; ; 53
• Disciplina: 302.2309598
• Soggetti: Journalism - Social aspects - Indonesia; Violence - Press coverage - Indonesia; Social conflict - Press coverage - Indonesia; Conflict management - Press coverage - Indonesia; Peace-building - Press coverage - Indonesia; Mass media and peace - Indonesia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Cover; Journalism and Conflict in Indonesia: From reporting violence to promoting peace; Copyright; Table of contents; Acknowledgements; Abbreviations; 1 Introduction; Journalism and violence; Methodological issues; The chapters; From primordialism to peace journalism; 2 Communication and culture; Communication-as-culture; Globalism and media development; Communicating conflict; 3 Media freedom and journalistic culture in post-New Order Indonesia; The legacy of the Pancasila press in Indonesia; Democratic ideology among journalists in Indonesia; Culture and freedom in the newsroom; 4 Violence, culture and national disintegration in IndonesiaPolitical violence and the discourse of national disintegration; War and the ; construction of ethnic identities; Centre-periphery cultural politics in Indonesia, 1998 - 2000; 5 Culture wars in Indonesia: Maluku; The Maluku Wars' geometry of violence; Faith and politics in the Maluku firestorm; Localising global discourses on 'holy war'; 6 Framing religious conflict: Primordialism writ large; The unnaming of combatants; Security personnel and their media masks; National news media and paramilitary mobilisation; 7 War and peace journalismWar, identity, economy; The underground press surfaces; Pancasila press goes 'communal'; Transitional media ethics; Reviving development communication; Summary of conclusions; Appendix: English translations of Fauzan's 'kidnapping' stories; Notes; Bibliography; Index
• Sommario/riassunto: "This book examines, through the case study of Indonesia over recent decades, how the reporting of violence can drive the escalation of violence, and how journalists can alter their reporting practices in order to have the opposite effect and promote peace"--Supplied by publisher.