Fire and smoke : understanding the hazards / / Committee on Fire Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910960130203321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1986
• ISBN: 9786610186389; 9781280186387; 1280186380; 9780309568609; 0309568609
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (x, 156 pages) : illustrations
• Disciplina: 628.9222
• Soggetti: Fire prevention; Fire protection engineering
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-156).
• Nota di contenuto: FIRE AND SMOKE: UNDERSTANDING THE HAZARDS -- Copyright -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- PREFACE -- Contents -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- HAZARD ASSESSMENT VS. RISK ASSESSMENT -- ASSESSMENT OF FIRE HAZARD -- THE TESTING OF COMBUSTION-PRODUCT TOXICITY -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- 1 FIRE DEATHS IN THE UNITED STATES -- SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM -- CAUSES OF FIRE DEATH -- THE CONTEMPORARY FIRE ENVIRONMENT -- 2 A PRIMER ON FIRE AND FIRE HAZARD -- THE BURNING PROCESS -- A TYPICAL COMPARTMENT FIRE -- FIRE HAZARD ASSESSMENT -- DEFINITIONS:RISK AND HAZARD -- QUANTIFYING HAZARD -- TIME NEEDED FOR ESCAPE -- TIME AVAILABLE FOR ESCAPE -- BURNING OF A SINGLE ITEM -- BURNING OF MULTIPLE ITEMS -- 3 STATUS OF FIRE HAZARD MODELS AND TEST METHODS -- INTRODUCTION -- DETECTION MODELS -- MODELS FOR TIME AVAILABLE FOR ESCAPE -- THE HARVARD MODELS -- OTHER TWO-LAYER MODELS -- FIELD MODELS -- EXAMPLE OF CALCULATIONS FOR MODEL FOR TAE -- MODELS FOR TIME NEEDED FOR ESCAPE -- TEST METHODS FOR MODEL ; INPUT DATA -- BURNING RATE -- RATE OF PRODUCTION OF SMOKE AND TOXICANTS -- TOXICITY DATA -- IGNITABILITY -- SUMMARY -- 4 HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH FIRES -- HEAT -- OXYGEN DEPLETION -- SMOKE -- WATER -- PARTICLES (SOOT AND AEROSOLS) -- GASES -- Carbon Dioxide -- Carbon Monoxide -- Hydrogen Cyanide -- IRRITANTS -- Hyrdrogen Chloride -- Hydrogen Fluoride -- Sulfur Dioxide -- Nitrogen Dioxide -- Hydrogen Sulfide -- ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS -- FREE RADICALS -- INTERACTIONS AMONG COMPONENTS -- HEALTH EFFECTS OF SMOKE INHALATION ON HUMANS EXPOSED TO FIRES -- IMMEDIATE EFFECTS -- EARLY POSTEXPOSURE EFFECTS -- LONG-TERM SEQUELAE -- Long-Term Sequelae after Single Exposures -- Long-Term Sequelae after Repeated Exposures -- Cancer -- SUMMARY -- 5 LABORATORY METHODS FOR EVALUATION OF TOXIC POTENCY OF SMOKE -- USE OF COMBUSTION-PRODUCT TOXICITY TESTS: TO SCREEN OR NOT TO SCREEN.; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS VS. BIOLOGIC ASSAY -- TEST METHODS THAT USE DEATH AS AN END POINT -- BIOASSAY OF SMOKE POTENCY -- LIMITATIONS IN USE OF BIOLOGIC DATA -- GERMAN DIN 53 436 METHOD -- NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS METHOD -- UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH METHOD -- COMPARISON OF TEST METHODS -- Acute Toxicity -- Anatomic Changes -- Test Subjects -- Physical Test Characteristics -- Furnace Dimensions -- Heat Transfer and Oxygen Availability -- Heating Regimen -- Combustion Chamber Atmosphere -- Exposure System -- Physical Artifacts -- Comparison of Data from NBS and Pittsburgh Tests -- COMPARISON OF TEST METHODS WITH GUIDELINES FROM 1977 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL REPORT -- TEST METHODS THAT USE NONLETHAL END POINTS -- FACTORS THAT IMPEDE ESCAPE -- OBSERVATIONAL METHODS -- Motorized Activity Wheels -- Hind-Leg Flexion -- Sensory Irritation and Physiologic Stress -- OTHER METHODS -- Unsignaled-Shock Avoidance/Escape -- Water-Reinforced Task -- Rotorod with Electrified Grill Floor -- Multisensory Conditioned Pole-Climb Avoidance -- Analysis of Use of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid to Detect Acute Nonlethal Lung Toxicity -- SUMMARY -- 6 GUIDELINES FOR HAZARD ASSESSMENT: CASE STUDIES -- CASE STUDY 1: BURNING OF AN UPHOLSTERED CHAIR -- STEP 1: DEFINING SCENARIOS -- Environment -- Fuel and Ignition -- Conditions of Exposure -- STEP:COMPUTING TAE AS A FUNCTION OF FIRE AND SMOKE PROPERTIES -- Fire Model -- Burning of Upholstered Furniture -- Results of Calculations -- STEP 3: DECIDING ON MINIMAL ACCEPTABLE TAE -- STEP 4: SPECIFYING FIRE AND SMOKE PROPERTIES -- CASE STUDY 2: CONCEALED COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL -- STEP 1: DEFINING SCENARIOS -- STEP 2: COMPUTING TAE AS FUNCTION OF FIRE AND SMOKE PROPERTIES -- Fire Buildup in Room -- Thermal Condition Behind Wall -- Response to Thermal Conditions Behind the Wall -- Contribution of Two Fires to Smoke.; STEPS 3 AND 4: DECIDING ON MINIMAL ACCEPTABLE TAE AND SPECIFYING FIRE AND SMOKE PROPERTIES -- SUMMARY -- DEFINING THE SCENARIO -- RELATING TAE TO FIRE PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS -- SELECTING MINIMAL ACCEPTABLE TAE -- SPECIFYING PRODUCT PERFORMANCE -- REFERENCES.