Plastic and microplastic in the environment : management and health risks / / edited by Arif Ahamad, Pardeep Singh, and Dhanesh Tiwary

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910830775103321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Hoboken, New Jersey : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , 2022; ©2022
• ISBN: 1-119-80089-7; 1-119-80087-0
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (320 pages)
• Disciplina: 363.738
• Soggetti: Plastics; Plastic scrap
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Sources, Occurrence, and Analysis of Microplastics in Freshwater Environments: A Review -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Sources of Microplastic -- 1.2.1 Primary Sources -- 1.2.1.1 Microplastics from Personal Care Products -- 1.2.1.2 Microplastics from Plastic Resins -- 1.2.2 Secondary Sources -- 1.2.2.1 Microplastics from Degradation of Plastic Debris -- 1.2.2.2 Microplastics from Textile and Domestic Washing -- 1.3 Pathways of Microplastics into Freshwater Environments -- 1.4 Microplastic Analytical Methods in Freshwater -- 1.4.1 Sampling of Microplastic -- 1.4.1.1 Water Samples -- 1.4.1.2 Sediment Samples -- 1.4.2 Sample Preparation -- 1.4.2.1 Extraction of Microplastics -- 1.4.2.2 Removal of Organic Debris -- 1.4.3 Identification of Microplastic -- 1.4.3.1 Visual Sorting -- 1.4.3.2 Identification of Microplastics by Chemical Composition -- 1.5 Occurrence of Microplastic in Freshwater Environments -- 1.5.1 Microplastic in Lakes -- 1.5.2 Microplastic in Rivers -- 1.6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Microplastics in Freshwater Environments - With Special Focus on the Indian Scenario -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Nature and Production of Microplastics -- 2.3 Global Ecological Impacts of Plastic Pollution -- 2.4 Socio-; Economic Impacts of Plastic Pollution -- 2.5 Freshwater Plastic Pollution -- 2.5.1 Sources of Freshwater Microplastics -- 2.5.2 Studies on Freshwater Plastic Pollution from around the World -- 2.5.3 The Problem of Freshwater Microplastics in Developing Countries -- 2.5.4 Status of India's Freshwater Plastic Problem -- 2.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 3 Microplastic Contamination in the Marine Food Web: : Its Impact on Human Health -- 3.1 Introduction.; 3.1.1 Microplastic in the Marine Food Web -- 3.1.2 Toxic Impacts on Primary Producers -- 3.1.3 Toxic Impacts on Consumers -- 3.1.4 Associated Risk -- 3.2 Human Health Implication -- 3.3 Conclusion and Future Perspective -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4 Microplastic in the Aquatic Ecosystem and Human Health Implications -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sources and Food-Chain Entry -- 4.3 Human Health Implications -- 4.3.1 Digestive System -- 4.3.2 Respiratory System -- 4.3.3 Nervous System -- 4.3.4 Placental Barrier -- 4.3.5 Other Health Impacts -- 4.4 Future Directions and Plausible Solutions -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Interactions of Microplastics Toward an Ecological Risk in Soil Diversity: An Appraisal -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Microplastic-Types and Properties -- 5.3 Microplastic Sources and Accumulation in Soil and Sediments -- 5.4 Migration of Microplastics' Fate in Environment -- 5.5 Migration of Microplastics through Soil -- 5.6 Soil Analysis Methodology -- 5.7 Collection of Samples -- 5.8 Sample Preparation -- 5.8.1 Drying -- 5.8.2 Sieving -- 5.8.3 Soil Aggregates Dismantling and Density Separation -- 5.8.4 Removing Soil Organic Matter (SOM) -- 5.8.5.1 Microscopy -- 5.8.5.2 Spectroscopy -- 5.8.5.3 Thermoanalysis -- 5.8.5 Microplastics Quantification -- 5.9 Interactions and Impacts on Soil Diversity -- 5.9.1 Soil Properties -- 5.9.2 Soil Microbial Activity -- 5.9.3 Microplastics Entered Via Food Chains -- 5.9.4 The Effect of MPs on Soil Animals -- 5.9.5 The Effect of MPs on Plants -- 5.10 Ecotoxicology of Microplastic -- 5.11 Mitigation Process of Microplastics -- 5.11.1 Biological Methods -- 5.12 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 6 Microplastics in the Air and Their Associated Health Impacts -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Microplastics in the Atmosphere -- 6.2.1 Physical Characteristics.; 6.2.2 Chemical Characteristics -- 6.2.3 Sources and Generation -- 6.2.4 Fate and Dispersion -- 6.3 Measurement of Atmospheric Microplastics -- 6.3.1 Sampling and Analysis -- 6.3.2 Atmospheric Abundance of Microplastics -- 6.4 Health Impacts of Microplastics -- 6.4.1 Routes of Exposure and Interaction with Body Tissues -- 6.4.2 Health Impacts -- 6.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 7 Plastic Marine Litter in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Sea: Current Research Trends and Management Strategies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Analysis of Marine Litter Research Trends in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Sea Countries -- 7.3 Microplastics Abundance in the Marine Environment of the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries -- 7.4 Microplastics Characterization and Identification Techniques -- 7.5 Microplastics in Coastal Areas Affected by Rivers -- 7.6 Socioeconomic Impact of Plastic Marine Litter and Reduction Approaches -- 7.7 Knowledge Gaps and Recommendation for Future Research -- References -- Chapter 8 Advanced Detection Techniques for Microplastics in Different Environmental Media -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Methodology -- 8.2.1 Selection of Criteria and Search for Articles -- 8.2.2 Item Selection -- 8.3 Results -- 8.3.1 Sampling Techniques in Different Marine Environments -- 8.3.1.1 Seawater -- 8.3.1.2 Sea Sediments -- 8.3.1.3 Beaches -- 8.3.1.4 Mangroves -- 8.3.1.5 Marine Fauna -- 8.3.1.6 ; Marine Vegetation -- 8.3.2 Sample Processing in Laboratory -- 8.3.2.1 Water -- 8.3.2.2 Sediments -- 8.3.2.3 Marine Fauna -- 8.3.2.4 Marine Vegetation -- 8.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 9 Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastics as Alternatives to Conventional Plastics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Definition and Classification of Plastics.; 9.3 Current Status of Conventional Plastics and Effect on Environment -- 9.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Conventional Plastics -- 9.4.1 Advantages -- 9.4.2 Disadvantages -- 9.5 Current Status of Biodegradable Plastics and Effect on Environment -- 9.6 How Plastic Degrades -- 9.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bio-Based Plastics -- 9.8 National and International Agreements and Conventions to Control Use of Plastics -- 9.9 The Future of Plastics -- 9.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 Biodegradable Plastics: New Challenges and Possibilities toward Green Sustainable Development -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 The Environmental Impact of Conventional Plastics -- 10.1.2 Classification and Types of Biopolymers -- 10.2 Biopolymers of Microbial Systems -- 10.2.1 Microbial Polyesters: Polyhydroxyalkanoates -- 10.2.2 Recombinant Protein Polymers -- 10.2.3 The Microbial Polysaccharides -- 10.2.3.1 Bacterial Cellulose -- 10.2.3.2 Xanthan -- 10.2.3.3 Dextrans: Phullan and Glucans -- 10.3 Biopolymers of Plants and Higher Organisms -- 10.3.1 Starch -- 10.3.2 Cellulose -- 10.3.3 Lignin -- 10.3.4 Chitin and Chitosan -- 10.3.5 Polylactic Acid -- 10.3.5.1 Properties of PLA -- 10.3.5.2 Improvements in PLA -- 10.3.5.3 Application -- 10.4 Factors Affecting the Rate of Degradation of Bio-plastics and Biodegradable Plastics -- 10.5 Future Aspects and Challenges for Development of Bio-based and Biodegradable Plastics -- 10.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 11 Current Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities for Plastic Recycling -- 11.1 Introduction: The Pollution Problem Involving Plastic -- 11.2 Sources, Types, and Transportation of Plastics in the Environment -- 11.2.1 Plastics Sources and Types -- 11.2.2 Plastic Transportation in Aquatic Environments -- 11.3 An Introduction to Waste Management -- 11.3.1 Plastic Waste Treatment.; 11.4 Plastic Recycling Systems -- 11.4.1 Recovery -- 11.4.2 Preparation -- 11.4.3 Primary Recycling -- 11.4.4 Energy Recovery -- 11.4.5 Mechanical Recycling -- 11.4.5.1 Sorting/Separating -- 11.4.5.2 Electrostatic Separation -- 11.4.5.3 Manual Sorting -- 11.4.5.4 Sink Float Method -- 11.4.5.5 Plastic Identification -- 11.4.5.6 Shredding -- 11.4.5.7 Agglomeration -- 11.4.5.8 Washing/Cleaning -- 11.4.6 Chemical Recycling of Solid Plastic Pollutants -- 11.4.7 Reuse and Re-stabilization -- 11.5 Latest Industry Trends and a Future Perspective -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12 Microbial Degradation of Micro-Plastics -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Plastic Categorization Based on Biodegradability -- 12.2.1 Non-biodegradable Plastics -- 12.2.2 Biodegradable Plastics -- 12.2.3 Biosynthetic Plastics -- 12.2.4 Blended Plastics -- 12.2.5 Biocomposite Polymers -- 12.3 Microplastics Cycling into the Environment -- 12.4 Microorganisms and Interactions with Microplastics -- 12.5 Factors Affecting Biodegradation of Microplastics -- 12.6 Mechanisms of Microplastic Biodegradation -- 12.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 13 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Plastics -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Plastics -- 13.2.1 Types of Plastics -- 13.2.2 Plastic Bags -- 13.2.3 Plastic Waste -- 13.2.4 Recycling and Disposal -- 13.2.5 Indian Scenario -- 13.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) -- 13.3.1 Phases of LCA -- 13.3.1.1 Goal and Scope Definition -- 13.3.1.2 Inventory Analysis -- 13.3.1.3 Impact Assessment -- 13.3.1.4 Interpretation -- 13.3.2 Importance of LCA -- 13.3.3 LCA for Plastics -- 13.4 Plastics ; Sustainability by LCA -- 13.5 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14 Role of Education and Society in Dealing Plastic Pollution in the Future -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Consumption -- 14.3 Global Dimension of Plastic Pollution.; 14.4 Plastic Pollution in Natural Environments.

Policy transfer and learning in public policy and management : international contexts, content and development / / edited by Peter Carroll and Richard Common

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910958926103321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: London ; ; New York, : Routledge, c2013; London ; ; New York : , : Routledge, , 2013
• ISBN: 0-203-74939-1; 1-135-01229-6
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (217 p.)
• Collana: Routledge critical studies in public management ; ; 14
• Altri autori (Persone): CarrollPeter; CommonRichard
• Disciplina: 320.6
• Soggetti: Public administration; Policy sciences
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Cover; Policy Transfer and Learning in Public Policy and Management; Title Page; Copyright Page; Table of Contents; List of contributors; Introduction; Part I Degrees of transfer and their determinants; 1 When policy diffusion does not lead to policy transfer: explaining resistance to international learning in public management reform; 2 Policy transfer and local government performance improvement regimes; 3 Low Impact Development (LID): the transfer that was not? How the federal relationship in the area of environmental protection facilitates innovation but mitigates against transfer; 4 Policy transfer in new democracies: challenges for public administration5 Why can't you lead a horse to water and make it drink? ; The learning oriented transfer of health sector decentralization reforms and bureaucratic interests in Malawi; Part II New developments in transfer and learning; 6 Sources of transfer: the case of accession to international organizations; 7 Borrowing from the neighbours: policy transfer to tackle climate change in the Australian federation; 8 'These are the people you need to talk to': the role of non-state organizations in international policy transfer to Ireland's Official Languages Act (2003)9 Contested policy transfer: when Chile's 'Programa de Mejoramiento de la Gestión' travelled to Mexico; Conclusion; Index
• Sommario/riassunto: <P>A typical image of the making and administration of policy suggests that it takes place on an incremental basis, involving public servants, their ministers and, to a more limited extent, a variety of interest groups. Yet, much policy making is based on similar policy developed in other jurisdictions and in the major international organizations such as the WTO and the OECD. In other words, significant aspects of nationally developed policies are copied from elsewhere in what is described as a process of policy transfer and learning.</P><P>Hence, studies of policy transfer have pointed to a d