The doctrine of ijma in Islam / Ahmad Hasan

• Record Nr.: UNIORUON00063564
• Autore: HASSAN, Muhammad
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Islamabad, : The islamic research Institut, [19..]
• Descrizione fisica: VI, 274 p. ; 24 cm
• Classificazione: ARA XV
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia

ABC of Medically Unexplained Symptoms

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910958622703321
• Autore: Burton Christopher
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: New York : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , 2013; ©2012
• ISBN: 9781118495308; 9781119967255
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (90 pages)
• Collana: ABC Ser.
• Disciplina: 616.07/5
• Soggetti: Primary Health Care - methods
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- Medically Unexplained Symptoms -- Contents -- Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Aim -- An approach to MUS -- What do we mean by medically unexplained symptoms? -- Symptoms with low probability of disease -- Functional somatic syndromes -- What causes MUS? -- Biological mechanisms -- Symptom awareness and appraisal -- Perpetuating factors -- An integrated model -- What should we call MUS? -- How to use this book ; -- Further reading -- Chapter 2 Epidemiology and Impact in Primary and Secondary Care -- Epidemiology -- Population prevalence -- GP consultation prevalence -- Referral prevalence -- Prevalence and overlap of syndromes -- Epidemiological associations of MUS -- Impact of MUS -- Quality of life -- Healthcare usage and costs -- Conclusion -- Further reading -- Chapter 3 Considering Organic Disease -- Introduction -- How commonly does MUS turn out to be organic disease? -- What are the factors associated with practitioner delay in diagnosing serious illness? -- Patient characteristics -- Patient healthcare behaviour -- Practitioner response -- Health system factors -- What are the commonest diagnostic errors? -- Cognitive processing errors -- Premature closure -- Availability bias -- Representativeness bias -- Anchoring and conservatism -- Principles for safe practice with suspected MUS -- Summary -- Further reading -- Chapter 4 Considering Depression and Anxiety -- Introduction -- Epidemiology -- Diagnosis -- Depression -- Generalised and phobic anxiety -- Family history, childhood and recent stress -- Suicide and self-harm -- Patients' beliefs -- Questionnaires -- Investigations -- Explaining the diagnosis -- Further reading -- Chapter 5 Medically Unexplained Symptoms and the General Practitioner -- MUS and diagnostic confusion -- Uncertain case definition -- Variable clinical context.; The frustration of MUS -- Patients' expectations of GPs -- How GPs can make the situation worse -- Living with uncertainty -- Further reading -- Chapter 6 Principles of Assessment and Treatment -- Introduction -- Listening to the patient -- Considering the possibility of MUS -- Look for typical features of organic and functional conditions -- Target your examination and investigations -- Give constructive explanations -- Link the explanation to action -- Set appropriate expectations and safety nets -- Expectation of recovery -- Expectation of you -- Setting safety nets -- Bringing it all together -- Further reading -- Chapter 7 Palpitations, Chest Pain and Breathlessness -- Introduction -- Palpitations -- Epidemiology in primary care -- GP assessment -- Typical features of functional symptoms -- Typical features of organic symptoms and red flag symptoms -- History and examination tips -- Clinical decision -- Referral and Investigations -- Explanation -- Specific treatment -- Chest pain -- GP assessment of new chest pain -- History and examination tips -- Investigations and referral -- Explanation -- Specific treatment -- Breathlessness -- Epidemiology in primary care -- GP assessment -- Typical features of functional symptoms -- Examination tips -- Explanation -- Conclusion -- Further reading -- Chapter 8 Headache -- Introduction -- Epidemiology in primary care -- GP assessment -- Typical features of functional symptoms -- Tension-type headache -- Medication-overuse headache -- Typical features of organic symptoms -- Headaches representing serious disease -- Migraine -- Other primary headaches -- History and examination tips -- The examination -- Clinical decision -- Explanation -- Specific treatment -- Further reading -- Chapter 9 Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Functional Dyspepsia and Irritable Bowel Syndrome -- Introduction -- Functional dyspepsia.; Epidemiology in primary care -- GP assessment -- History and examination tips -- Investigations and referral -- Explanation -- Specific treatment -- Irritable bowel syndrome -- Epidemiology in primary care -- History and examination -- GP assessment -- Investigations and referral -- Explanation -- Specific treatment -- Other functional gut syndromes -- Conclusion -- Further reading -- Chapter 10 Pelvic and Reproductive System Symptoms -- Introduction -- Chronic pelvic pain -- Epidemiology in primary care -- GP assessment -- Typical features of organic symptoms -- History and ; examination tips -- Explanations of functional CPP -- Specific management -- Vulvodynia -- Epidemiology in primary care -- GP assessment -- Typical features of organic symptoms -- Typical features of functional symptoms -- History, examination and investigation -- Explanations and management -- Dyspareunia -- Epidemiology in primary care -- GP assessment -- Explanation after a negative investigation -- Specific management -- Other pelvic and reproductive symptoms -- Further reading -- Chapter 11 Widespread Musculoskeletal Pain -- Introduction -- Epidemiology in primary care -- Typical features of functional symptoms -- Typical features of organic symptoms -- History and examination tips -- Investigations -- Explanation -- Specific management -- Reassurance -- Non-pharmacological options -- Pharmacological options -- Summary -- Further reading -- Chapter 12 Fatigue -- Epidemiology in primary care -- Fatigue symptoms -- Chronic fatigue syndrome -- GP assessment -- Typical features of functional symptoms -- Typical features of organic symptoms and red flag symptoms -- History and examination tips -- Referral and investigations -- Clinical decision -- Explanation -- Specific treatment -- Conclusion -- Further reading.; Chapter 13 Neurological Symptoms: Weakness, Blackouts and Dizziness -- Introduction -- Functional weakness -- Epidemiology -- Clinical features of functional weakness -- GP assessment -- Explanation -- Specific treatment -- Blackouts/dissociative (non-epileptic attacks) -- Epidemiology -- Clinical features of dissociative (non-epileptic) attacks -- GP assessment -- Explanation -- Dizziness -- Epidemiology in primary care -- GP assessment -- Typical features of functional dizziness -- Explanation -- Treatment -- Further reading -- Chapter 14 Managing Medically Unexplained Symptoms in The Consultation -- Introduction -- Getting the consultation off to a good start -- Deep listening skills -- Using non-verbal (body language) and paraverbal (tone of voice) information -- Picking up when listening is not working -- Avoiding the problem of 'The doctor thinks I am imagining it' -- Examination with commentary -- Breaking good news -- Planning care and follow-up -- Working on the relationship -- Further reading -- Chapter 15 Cognitive Approaches to Treatment -- CBT - 'it's NOT all in your mind' -- A CBT formulation -- Developing and sharing a formulation -- Using a formulation to introduce treatment -- Engaging patients -- Working on specific thoughts -- Beliefs about cause -- Beliefs about symptom meaning and management -- Hurt equals harm -- Catastrophisation -- Beliefs about self and self-standards -- Beliefs of others -- Where to start -- Further reading -- Chapter 16 Behavioural Approaches to Treatment -- Introduction -- CBT, it is NOT just 'do more exercise' -- Know where you are going -- Activity management(s) -- Monitoring activity -- Overactivity -- Underactivity -- Inconsistent or 'boom and bust' activity -- Loss of pleasurable activity -- Activity scheduling -- Graded activity -- Establish a baseline -- Graded increases on baseline -- Review.; Sleep management -- Summary -- Further reading -- Chapter 17 Pharmacological Treatment -- Introduction -- How drugs appear to work for symptoms -- Reducing depression or anxiety -- Reducing central sensitisation to pain -- Altering symptom appraisal and autonomicresponses -- Choosing which drug to use -- Antidepressants -- Anticonvulsants -- Explaining treatment -- Reviewing and discontinuing drugs -- Addiction to prescribed treatment -- Side effects and the nocebo response -- Treatment of less common psychiatric disorders -- Further reading -- Chapter 18 Conclusion -- Appendix: Suggestions for Reflection and Audit -- Index.
• Sommario/riassunto: This brand new title addresses the complex issues faced by primary health care practitioners in treating and managing patients with 'medically unexplained symptoms'. It aims to develop guidelines and principles to help identify patients with medically unexplained symptoms, as they are typically underdiagnosed, and to manage symptoms more effectively with active patient involvement.

Orthography and phonology / / edited by Philip A. Luelsdorff

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910963164503321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Amsterdam ; ; Philadelphia, : J. Benjamins Pub. Co., 1987
• ISBN: 1-283-42412-6; 9786613424129; 90-272-7443-6
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (250 p.)
• Altri autori (Persone): LuelsdorffPhilip
• Disciplina: 411
• Soggetti: Language and languages - Orthography and spelling; Grammar, Comparative and general - Phonology
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Papers presented at a workshop on orthography and phonology held at the Fifth International Phonology Meeting, held in Eisenstadt, Austria, June 25-28, 1984.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: ORTHOGRAPHY AND PHONOLOGY; Title page; Copyright page; Table of contents; LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS; PREFACE; TOWARDS A THEORY OF PHONEMIC ORTHOGRAPHY; NOTES; BIBLIOGRAPHY; APPENDIX; THE DESCRIPTION OF SPELLING-TO-SOUND RELATIONSHIPS IN ENGLISH, FRENCH AND RUSSIAN: PROGRESS, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS; 1. Introduction; 2. Progress; 2.1. Russian; 2.2. English; 2.3. French; 2.4. On ""Regulation""; 3. Problems; 3.1. Preliminary Decisions; 3.2. Problems of Description; 3.3. Grammatical Information; 4. Prospects; 4.1. Testing; 4.2. The ""Ideal RO""; 4.3. Other Applications; NOTES; BIBLIOGRAPHY; THE AUTOMATED PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION OF ENGLISH TEXT 1.0 Abstract; 2.0 Introduction; 3.0 Overall View; 4.0 The Rules; 4.1 ; Phonemic Transcription Rules; 4.2 The Allophoncc Transcription and Assimilaiion Rules; 4.2.1 Example of Allophoncc Rules; 4.2.2 Example of Assimilation Rules; 4.4 Checking the Rules; 5.0 Improvements; 6.0 Acknowledgements; BIBLIOGRAPHY; PHONOLOGICAL ACCESS TO DATA BASES; 1. The access problem for alphabetic files.; 2. Automaiic Phonology; 2.1 Phonological search in name files.; 2.2 Phonological-otthographical similarities; 3. Design of a generative phonology for data-base access. 4. Extension of the access possibilities; 5. The experimental application of a variety of grammars.; BIBLIOGRAPHY; ON LINGUISTIC ERROR; 0. Introduction; 1. The notion 'linguistic error'.; 2. The notion 'error' in the organon-model of language.; 3. The notion 'possible error'.; 4. The sign-template and linguistic error.; 5. Sign mutation.; 6. Summary.; BIBLIOGRAPHY; A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON A PILOT INVESTIGATION OF GREENLANDIC SCHOOL CHILDREN'S SPELLING ERRORS; 1. Introduction.; 2. The phoneme inventory and the two spellings.; 3. The error taxonomy.4. Interference from the old spelling.; 5. Interference from Danish.; 6. Systematic substitutions of consonants.; 7. Glides and approximants.; 8. Vowel substitution.; 9. / -errors.; 10. Quantity errors.; 11. The correlation between frequency of quantity errors, word length and word complexity.; 12. Multiple quantity errors.; 13. Some suggestions about cognitive processes.; 14. Immediate environments of quantity errors.; 15. -insertions.; 16. -omissions.; 17. Vowel adjustment in -errors.; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS; NOTE; BIBLIOGRAPHY; THE ORTHOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF NASAL VOWELS IN ACEHNESE NOTES; BIBLIOGRAPHY; PHONOLOGICAL RECODING IN THE READING PROCESS; 1.The problem; 2. Three schematic models of the reading process; 3. Phonological recoding and the internal lexicon; 4. The discussion of indirect access to the mental lexicon in reading research; 5. Lexical decision experiments; 6. The pseudoword argument and data from neuropsychology; 7. Interlude: Orthographic recoding in speech perception; 8. Conclusions; NOTES; BIBLIOGRAPHY; ORTHOGRAPHY AS A VARIABLE IN PSYCHOLINGUISTIC EXPERIMENTS; 1. Introduction; 2. Some examples of orthographic effects
• Sommario/riassunto: Collected here are eleven papers devoted to various aspects of the orthography/phonology interface. Topics include spelling-to-sound correspondence for English, French, and Russian, the design of a generative phonology for orthography data-base access, the linguistic sign and orthographic and phonological error, the analysis of Greenlandic school children's spelling errors, the orthographic representation of phonemic nasalization and its implications for prosodic theory, the psycholinguistics of phonological recoding in reading, orthography as a variable in psycholinguistic experiments, spelli