Ground water models : scientific and regulatory applications / / Water Science and Technology Board, Committee on Ground Water Modeling Assessment, Commission of Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources, National Research Council

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910957775003321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Washington, D.C. : , : National Academy Press, , 1990
• ISBN: 0-585-19267-7
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (xv, 303 pages) : illustrations
• Disciplina: 551.49/01/5118
• Soggetti: Groundwater - Mathematical models; Water-supply - Mathematical models; Groundwater flow; Liability for water pollution damages
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: GROUND WATER MODELS -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Overview, Conclusions, and Recommendations -- OVERVIEW -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Models and Subsurface Processes -- Conclusions -- Models and Decisionmaking -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Maintaining Scientific Integrity -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Recommendations for the Future -- 1 Introduction -- THE GROWTH IN THE USE OF MODELS -- REFERENCES -- 2 Modeling of Processes -- INTRODUCTION -- Ground Water Flow -- Multiphase Flow -- Dissolved Contaminant Transport -- Advection -- Diffusion -- Dispersion -- Radioactive Decay -- Sorption -- Precipitation and Dissolution -- Acid/Base Reactions -- Complexation -- Hydrolysis/Substitution -- Redox Reactions -- Biological Transformations -- WHAT IS A MODEL? -- Governing Equations -- Boundary and Initial Conditions and Parameter Values -- Solving Flow and Transport Equations -- REFERENCES -- 3 Flow Processes -- INTRODUCTION -- SATURATED CONTINUUM FLOW -- State of the Art -- Implications for the Use of Saturated Continuum Flow Models in Decisionmaking -- Spatial Dimensionality -- Boundary ; Conditions -- Transient Versus Steady State -- Discretization -- Velocity Computation -- Parameter Values -- FLOW IN THE UNSATURATED ZONE -- Characterization of the Unsaturated Zone -- CONCEPTS OF WATER FLOW IN THE UNSATURATED ZONE -- FRACTURE FLOW -- Theory of Flow in Fractures -- Strategies for Modeling -- ISSUES IN MODELING -- A Fractured Medium as a Continuum -- Computational Constraints on Discrete Network Models -- Uncertainty in Establishing the Network Geometry -- Adequacy of Modeling Technology -- REFERENCES -- 4 Transport -- INTRODUCTION -- TRANSPORT OF CONSERVATIVE SOLUTES -- NONCONSERVATIVE SOLUTES -- Equilibrium and Kinetic Models of Reactions -- Abiotic Reactions -- Geochemical Models.; Incorporation of Abiotic Transformations into Solute Transport Models -- Phase Transfers -- Assessment of Kinetics -- Incorporation of Phase Transfers into Solute Transport Models -- Biological Reactions -- Microbiological Kinetics -- Incorporation of Biological Processes into Solute Transport Models -- TRANSPORT IN THE UNSATURATED ZONE -- Unsaturated Flow and Transport in Structured Soils -- MULTIPHASE TRANSPORT -- Seawater Intrusion -- Organic Fluid Contamination -- Governing Equations for Multiphase Flow -- Parameters and Initial and Boundary Conditions for Multiphase Flow -- Problems Associated with Multiphase Flow -- REFERENCES -- 5 Experience With Contaminant Flow Models in the Regulatory System -- INTRODUCTION -- U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION REGULATIONS AND GUIDANCE -- U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REGULATIONS AND GUIDANCE -- Superfund -- Law and Regulations -- Guidance -- Resource Conservation and Recovery Act -- Law and Regulations -- Guidance -- Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program -- Law and Regulations -- Guidance -- Conclusion -- SELECTED CASE STUDIES -- Vertical-Horizontal Spread (VHS) Model Background -- Model -- Application at a Particular Site -- Regulatory Context -- Discussion -- Madison Aquifer-Well Withdrawals from a Deep Regional Aquifer -- Background -- Initial Modeling Studies -- Initial Results -- Other Model Studies -- Regulatory Context -- Discussion -- Snake River Plain-Point Source of Contamination -- Background -- Hydrogeologic Setting -- Model Formulation -- Results and Conclusion -- Discussion -- Tucson Airport -- Background -- Hydrogeologic Setting -- Approach -- Model to Assess Relative Contributions -- Model of Source Contributions -- Results and Conclusions -- Regulatory Context -- Discussion -- S-Area, Niagara Falls, New York -- Background -- Site Conditions -- Model Formulation.; Results and Conclusions -- Regulatory Context -- Discussion -- NOTES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 6 Issues in the Development and Use of Models -- INTRODUCTION -- THE PEOPLE PROBLEM -- UNCERTAINTY AND RELIABILITY -- The Sampling Process -- Process and Parameter Identification -- Input Estimation -- Model Validation and Accuracy Assessment -- ASSURING THE QUALITY OF MODELS -- QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCEDURES FOR CODE DEVELOPMENT -- Verification of Program Structure and Code -- Model Validation -- Recordkeeping -- Software Documentation -- Scientific and Technical Reviews -- MODEL APPLICATION -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 7 Research Needs -- INTRODUCTION -- USE OF MODELS -- SCIENTIFIC TRENDS AND RESEARCH -- Basic Understanding and Process Models -- Process Models -- Multiphase Fluid Flow and Transport Models -- Linking Geochemical and Physical Transport Models -- Probabilistic Methods -- Translation of State of the Art to State of the Practice -- Field-Scale Code Developments -- Validation or Accuracy Estimation Methods -- Advances in Computer Hardware and Numerical Methods -- Artificial ; Intelligence and Expert Systems -- Some Existing Applications -- Expert Systems in the Future -- Interdisciplinary Efforts -- POLICY TRENDS AND SUPPORT FOR RESEARCH -- REFERENCES -- Appendix: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members -- Index.
• Sommario/riassunto: The discovery of toxic pollution at Love Canal brought ground water contamination to the forefront of public attention. Since then, ground water science and modeling have become increasingly important in evaluating contamination, setting regulations, and resolving liability issues in court. A clearly written explanation of ground water processes and modeling, Ground Water Models focuses on the practical aspects of model application. It: examines the role of models in regulation, litigation, and policy development; explains ground water processes and describes specific applications for models; presents emerging technologies; and offers specific recommendations for better use of ground water science in policy formation.