Anaphora resolution / / Ruslan Mitkov

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910787897203321
• Autore: Mitkov Ruslan
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: London ; ; New York : , : Routledge, , 2013
• ISBN: 1-315-84008-1; 1-317-88180-X; 1-317-88181-8
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (235 p.)
• Collana: Studies in Language and Linguistics
• Disciplina: 415
• Soggetti: Anaphora (Linguistics)
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: "First published 2002 by Pearson Education Limited"--T.p. verso.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Cover; Half Title; Title Page; Copyright Page; Table of Contents; Dedication; Acknowledgements; Preface; Acronyms and abbreviations; Introduction; Chapter One: Linguistic fundamentals; 1.1 Basic notions and terminology; 1.2 Coreference; 1.3 Discourse entities; 1.4 Varieties of anaphora according to the form of the anaphor; 1.4.1 Pronominal anaphora; 1.4.1.1 Pleonastic it; 1.4.1.2 Other non-anaphoric uses of pronouns; 1.4.2 Lexical noun phrase anaphora; 1.4.3 Noun anaphora; 1.4.4 Verb anaphora, adverb anaphora; 1.4.5 Zero anaphora; 1.4.5.1 Zero pronominal anaphora; 1.4.5.2 Zero noun anaphora; 1.4.5.3 Zero verb anaphora1.4.5.4 Verb phrase zero anaphora (ellipsis); 1.5 Types of anaphora according to the locations of the anaphor and the antecedent; 1.6 Indirect anaphora; 1.7 Identity-of-sense anaphora and identity-of-reference anaphora; 1.8 Types of antecedents; 1.9 Location of the antecedent; 1.10 Anaphora and cataphora; 1.11 Anaphora and deixis; 1.12 Anaphora and ambiguity; 1.13 Anaphora and the resolution moment; 1.14 Summary; Chapter Two: The process of automatic anaphora resolution; 2.1 Anaphora resolution and the knowledge required; 2.1.1 Morphological and lexical knowledge; 2.1.2 Syntactic knowledge2.1.3 Semantic knowledge; 2.1.4 Discourse knowledge; 2.1.5 Real-world (common-sense) knowledge; 2.2 Anaphora resolution in practice; 2.2.1 Identification of anaphors; 2.2.1.1 Identification of anaphoric pronouns; 2.2.1.2 Identification of anaphoric noun phrases; 2.2.1.3 Tools and resources for the ; identification of anaphors; 2.2.2 Location of the candidates for antecedents; 2.2.2.1 The search scope of candidates for antecedent; 2.2.2.2 Tools and resources needed for the location of potential candidates; 2.2.3 The resolution algorithm: factors in anaphora resolution; 2.2.3.1 Constraints2.2.3.2 Preferences; 2.2.3.3 Example of anaphora resolution based on simple factors; 2.2.3.4 Combination and interaction of constraints and preferences; 2.2.3.5 Tools and resources needed for implementing anaphora resolution factors; 2.3 Summary; Chapter Three: Theories and formalisms used in anaphoraresolution; 3.1 Centering; 3.2 Binding theory; 3.2.1 Interpretation of reflexives; 3.2.2 Interpretation of personal pronouns; 3.2.3 Interpretation of lexical noun phrases; 3.3 Other related work; 3.4 Summary; Chapter Four: The past: work in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s; 4.1 Early work in anaphora resolution4.2 Student; 4.3 Shrdlu; 4.4 Lunar; 4.5 Hobbs's naïve approach; 4.5.1 The algorithm; 4.5.2 Evaluation of Hobbs' s algorithm; 4.6 The BFP algorithm; 4.7 Carter's shallow processing approach; 4.8 Rich and LuperFoy's distributed architecture; 4.9 Carbonell and Brown's multi-strategy approach; 4.10 Other work; 4.11 Summary; Chapter Five: The present: knowledge-poor and corpus-based approaches in the 1990s and beyond; 5.1 Main trends in recent anaphora resolution research; 5.2 Collocation patterns-based approach; 5.3 Lappin and Leass's algorithm; 5.3.1 Overview; 5.3.2 The resolution algorithm
• Sommario/riassunto: Teaching computers to solve language problems is one of the major challengesof natural language processing. There is a large amount of interesting researchdevoted to this field. This book fills an existing gap in the literature with anup-to-date survey of the field, including the author's own contributions.A number of different fields overlap in anaphora resolution - computationallinguistics, natural language processing (NLP), grammar, semantics, pragmatics,discourse analysis and artificial intelligence. This book begins by introducingbasic n

Society and language use / / edited by Jürgen Jaspers, Jan-Ola Östman and Jef Verschueren

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910957074503321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Amsterdam ; ; Philadelphia, : John Benjamins Pub. Co., 2010
• ISBN: 9786612775109; 9781282775107; 1282775103; 9789027289162; 9027289166
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: xii, 324 p. : ill
• Collana: Handbook of pragmatics highlights, , 1877-654X ; ; v. 7
• Altri autori (Persone): JaspersJürgen; VerschuerenJef; ÖstmanJan-Ola
• Disciplina: 306.44
• Soggetti: Sociolinguistics; Language and languages; Social interaction; Pragmatics
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Society and Language Use -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Introduction - Society and language use -- 1. Linguistic antecedents -- 2. Antecedents in social theory -- 3. Late modern trends and issues -- References -- Accommodation theory -- 1. Overview -- 2. Speech accommodation theory -- 3. Conceptual developments -- 4. The accommodation model: Predictive or interpretive? -- 5. Discourse attuning -- References -- Agency and language -- 1. Practice theory -- 2. Anthropological contributions to practice theory -- 3. Intentionality -- 4. The grammatical encoding of agency -- 5. Talk about agency - Meta-agentive discourse -- 6. Language in action, agency in language -- References -- Authority -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Authority and the self -- 3. Authority in each other -- 4. Authority in the world -- 5. Authority in (and through) God ; -- 6. Authority and gender -- 7. Authority in language -- 8. Authority -- References -- Bilingualism and multilingualism -- Introduction -- 2. Four approaches to the study of bilingualism and multilingualism -- 2.1 Neurolinguistic and psycholinguistic approaches to multilingualism -- 2.2 Social psychological approaches -- 2.3 Linguistic and sociolinguistic approaches -- 2.4 Sociological and anthropological approaches -- 3. Conclusion -- References -- Code-switching -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Terminological and methodological issues -- 3. Early studies -- 4. The meaning of code-switching -- 4.1 The politics of code-switching -- 4.2 Code-switching in interaction -- 5. Grammatical constraints on code-switching -- 6. Future directions in code-switching research -- References -- Cognitive sociology -- 1. Historical overview -- 2. The interrelation of interactional sense-making processes and social organization -- 2.1 Interaction -- 2.2 Discourse -- 2.3 Cognition.; 2.4 Organizational activities and materials -- 3. Key concepts -- 3.1 Interpretive procedures -- 3.2 Expertise -- 3.3 Social organization -- 3.4 Inequality and stratification -- 3.5 Organizational constraints -- 4. Methodology -- 5. A sample analysis -- References -- Contact -- 1. Language contact: Causes, processes and outcomes -- 2. Theoretical and methodological approaches to language contact -- 3. The pragmatics of language contact -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Correlational sociolinguistics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Concepts of linguistic variation -- 2.1 Tradition and innovation -- 2.2 Methodology -- 2.3 Description -- 2.4 Explanation -- 2.5 Theory -- 2.6 Application -- 3. Basic lines of argumentation: The corpus -- 4. Rules: How instances of usage are described -- 5. Language change: The perspective of explanations -- 6. Outlook -- References -- Gender -- 1. Language and gender -- 2. Pragmatic aspects of gender -- 3. The prehistory of language and gender research -- 4. The history of language and gender research -- 4.1 The 1970s -- 4.2 The 1980s -- 4.3 The 1990s -- 4.4 The 2000s: Some concluding remarks -- References -- Interactional sociolinguistics -- 1. Background -- 2. Contributions -- 3. Program -- References -- Language dominance and minorization -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Linguistic hierarchy and nation-building -- 2.1 Language and nationalism -- 2.2 Official languages -- 2.3 Other dominant language ideologies -- 3. Minorization -- 3.1 International declarations of minority language rights -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Language ideologies - Evolving perspectives -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The historical emergence of language ideologies -- 3. Some key concepts -- 4. Recent developments -- 5. Perspectives for future research -- References -- Language rights.; 1. Introduction: Language rights, linguistic human rights, and (linguistic) assimilation or integration -- 2. Basic concepts, continua and dichotomies -- 2.1 Who or what can have rights? -- 2.2 Individual versus collective rights -- 2.2.1 Individual rights -- 2.2.2 Collective rights -- 2.2.3 What is a minority? -- 2.3 Negative versus positive rights -- 2.4 Personal versus territorial rights -- 2.5 Rights in 'hard law' versus 'soft law' -- 2.6 Expressive versus instrumental rights -- 2.7 LHR hierarchies -- 3. LHRs in education -- 3.1 Are there any binding LHRs in education? -- 3.2 Linguistic genocide -- 4. To conclude -- References -- Marxist linguistics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Marr vs. Stalin -- 3. Recent trends -- 4. Gramsci -- 5. Vološinov -- 6. Pêcheux -- 7. Marxist linguistics today -- References -- 'Other' representation -- 1. On representation -- 2. On 'the other' -- 3. Discourse strategies in representations of 'the other' -- 3.1 Homogenisation -- 3.2 Pejoration -- 3.3 Suppression and silencing -- 3.4 Displaying 'liberalism' -- 3.5 ; Subverting tolerance -- 4. Beyond minoritisation -- References -- Social institutions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The social constructivist approach to 'social institutions' -- 3. Social reproduction and the notion of symbolic resource -- 4. The discourse of social control: The reproduction of social institutions -- 5. Family discourse as a form of institutional discourse -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Speech community -- 1. Community speech and speech community: Pragmatic vs. distributional perspectives -- 2. Speech community' at the interface of 'tradition and modernity' -- 3. Late modern discourse, language and community -- 4. Communities of practice -- 5. Community' as a semiotic sign -- 6. Language ideologies and the production of community.; 7. From the 'linguistics of community' to a 'linguistics of contact' -- 8. Community and discourse in the Information Age -- 9. Conclusion -- References -- Symbolic interactionism -- References -- Index -- The series Handbook of Pragmatics Highlights.
• Sommario/riassunto: "The simplest and yet most important contribution of sociolinguistics [and similar disciplines willing to go under that flag] to social scientific knowledge is its insistence on recognizing the considerable variation in speech that exists within even the most homogeneous of societies. The second important contribution is the insistence that this variation is neither trivial nor a pale reflection of 'real' language, but that it is systematic and that the systematicity of linguistic variation is an imperative object of study in itself. Having recognized that different people talk differently, and that the same people talk differently at different times, a central problem of sociolinguistics is - or ought to be - to understand why people talk the way they do. It then becomes clear that the research questions of sociolinguistics are preeminently social questions." (Woolard 1985: 738).

Breakthroughs in Statistics : Methodology and Distribution / / edited by Samuel Kotz, Norman L. Johnson

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910954463503321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: New York, NY : , : Springer New York : , : Imprint : Springer, , 1992
• ISBN: 9781461243809; 1461243807
• Edizione: [1st ed. 1992.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (628 p.)
• Collana: Perspectives in Statistics, , 2522-042X
• Disciplina: 519.5
• Soggetti: Statistics; Statistical Theory and Methods
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.
• Nota di contenuto: On the Criterion that a Given System of Deviations from the Probable in the Case of a Correlated System of Variables is Such that it Can be Reasonably Supposed to Have Arisen from Random Sampling -- The Probable Error of a Mean -- Statistical Methods for Research Workers -- The Arrangement of Field Experiments -- On the Empirical Determination of a Distribution -- On the Two Different Aspects of the Representative Method: The Method of Stratified Sampling and the Method of Purposive Selection -- Relations Between Two Sets of Variates -- Individual Comparisons by Ranking Methods -- On Some Useful “Inefficient” Statistics -- Testing for Serial Correlation in Least Squares Regression. I -- Testing for Serial Correlation in Least Squares Regression. II -- On the Experimental Attainment of Optimum Conditions -- Nonparametric Estimation from Incomplete Observations -- Sequential Design of Experiments -- Some Statistical Aspects of Adaptive Optimization and Control -- The Future of Data Analysis -- Maximum Likelihood in Three-Way Contingency Tables -- Robust Estimation of a Location Parameter -- Regression Models and Life-Tables -- Generalized Linear Models -- Bootstrap Methods: Another Look at the Jackknife.
• Sommario/riassunto: McCrimmon, having gotten Grierson's attention, continued: "A breakthrough, you say? If it's in economics, at least it can't be ; dangerous. Nothing like gene engineering, laser beams, sex hormones or international relations. That's where we don't want any breakthroughs. " (Galbraith, 1. K. (1990) A Tenured Profes sor, Houghton Mifflin; Boston. ) To judge astronomy] in this way a narrow utilitarian point of view] demon strates not only how poor we are, but also how small, narrow, and indolent our minds are; it shows a disposition always to calculate the payolTbefore the work, a cold heart and a lack of feeling for everything that is great and honors man. One can unfortunately not deny that such a mode of thinking is not uncommon in our age, and I am convinced that this is closely connected with the catastro phes which have befallen many countries in recent times; do not mistake me, I do not talk of the general lack of concern for science, but of the source from which all this has come, of the tendency to everywhere look out for one's advan tage and to relate everything to one's physical well-being, of the indilTerence towards great ideas, ofthe aversion to any elTort which derives from pure enthu siasm: I believe that such attitudes, if they prevail, can be decisive in catas trophes of the kind we have experienced. Gauss, K. F.: Astronomische An trittsvorlesung (cited from Buhler, W. K. (1981) Gauss: A Biographical Study, Springer: New York)]."