Electron and proton kinetics and dynamics in flaring atmospheres / / Valentina Zharkova

• Record Nr.: UNINA9911019947003321
• Autore: Zharkova Valentina
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Weinheim, : Wiley-VCH, 2012
• ISBN: 9786613722751; 9783527639670; 3527639675; 9781280881442; 1280881445; 9783527639663; 3527639667; 9783527639687; 3527639683
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (460 p.)
• Disciplina: 539.72
• Soggetti: Electrons; Protons; Atmospheric physics
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Electron and Proton Kinetics and Dynamics in Flaring Atmospheres; Contents; Preface; Color Plates; 1 Observational Phenomena of Solar Flares; 1.1 Observational Constraints; 1.2 Hard X-Ray Light Curves and Spectra; 1.2.1 Light Curves; 1.2.2 Photon and Electron Energy Spectra; 1.2.3 Electron Numbers; 1.3 Light Curves and Energy Spectra of Gamma-Rays; 1.3.1 -Ray Light Curves; 1.3.2 Energy Spectra and Abundances of Ions in Flares; 1.3.3 Ion Numbers; 1.4 Geometry of Hard X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Sources; 1.4.1 Differences in Footpoint Spectral Indices; 1.4.2 Hard X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Source Locations; 1.5 Pre- and Postflare Hard X-Ray and Radio Emission1.6 Magnetic Field Changes Associated with Flares; 1.6.1 Local Magnetic Field Variations; 1.7 UV and Optical Emission; 1.8 Seismic Responses; 1.9 ; Critical Issues; 2 Particle Acceleration in Flares; 2.1 Models of Particle Acceleration; 2.1.1 Basic Physics; 2.1.2 Magnetic Reconnection Models Associated with Flares; 2.1.3 Particle Acceleration in a Reconnecting Current Sheet; 2.1.4 Particle Acceleration by Shocks and Turbulence; 2.2 Recent Theoretical Developments; 2.2.1 Stochastic Acceleration; 2.2.2 Electron Acceleration in Collapsing Current Sheets2.2.3 Particle Acceleration in a Single 3-D RCS with Complicated Magnetic Topology; 2.2.4 Estimations of Accelerated Particle Parameters; 2.2.5 Comparison of the Parameters of Accelerated Particles; 2.2.6 Particle Acceleration in 3-D MHD Models with Fan and Spine Reconnection; 2.3 Limitations of the Test-Particle Approach; 2.3.1 The Polarization Electric Field; 2.3.2 Turbulent Electric Fields; 2.4 Particle-in-Cell Simulation of Acceleration in a 3-D RCS; 2.4.1 Problem Formulation; 2.4.2 Test-Particle Simulations; 2.4.3 PIC Simulation Results2.5 Particle Acceleration in Collapsing Magnetic Islands; 2.5.1 Tearing-Mode Instability in Current Sheets; 2.5.2 Particle Acceleration in Magnetic Islands - PIC Approach; 2.6 Limitations of the PIC Approach; 2.7 Probing Theories versus Observations; 2.7.1 Interrelation between Acceleration and Transport; 2.7.2 Testing Acceleration Models against Observational Constraints; 3 Electron-Beam Precipitation - Continuity Equation Approach; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Particle Energy Losses; 3.2.1 Particle Trajectories at Scattering; 3.2.2 Energy Loss and Momentum Variations; 3.3 Continuity Equation Approach for Electrons: Pure Collisions3.3.1 Solutions of Continuity Equation for Power-Law Beam Electrons; 3.3.2 Beam Electron Densities; 3.3.3 Mean Electron Spectra; 3.3.4 Hard X-Ray Bremsstrahlung Emission by Beam Electrons; 3.3.5 Heating Functions; 3.4 Continuity Equation Approach for Electrons - Pure Electric Field; 3.4.1 Estimation of the Ohmic Loss Effect; 3.4.2 Kinetic Solutions for a Pure Electric Field; 3.4.3 Estimations of Electron-Beam Stability; 4 Electron Beam Precipitation - Fokker-Planck Approach; 4.1 General Comments on Particle and Energy Transport; 4.2 Problem Formulation
• Sommario/riassunto: This timely book presents new research results on high-energy particle physics related to solar flares, covering the theory and applications of the reconnection process in a clear and comprehensible way. It investigates particle kinetics and dynamics in flaring atmospheres and their diagnostics from spectral observations, while providing an analysis of the observation data and techniques and comparing various models.Written by an internationally acclaimed expert, this is vital reading for all solar, astro-, and plasma physicists working in the field.

Autonomous language learning with technology beyond the classroom / / Chun Lai

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910955331003321
• Autore: Lai Chun (Language teacher)
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: London ; ; New York : , : Bloomsbury Academic, , [2017]
• ISBN: 9781474240437; 1474240437; 9781474240444; 1474240445; 9781474240420; 1474240429
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (232 pages) : illustrations, tables
• Collana: Advances in Digital Language Learning and Teaching
• Classificazione: 807; 418.0078/5
• Disciplina: 418.0078/5
• Soggetti: Distance education - Technological innovations; Language and languages - Computer-assisted instruction; Language and languages - Study and teaching - Self-instruction; Language and languages - Study and teaching - Technological innovations; Web-based instruction - Technological innovations
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Includes bibliographical references (p. [197]-225) and index
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: pt. I Understanding Out-of-Class Autonomous Language Learning with Technology. 1.Introducing Key Concepts ; 2.Theoretical Backgrounds and Frameworks ; 3.The Nature of Out-of-Class Autonomous Language Learning with Technology ; 4.Factors that Affect Out-of-Class Autonomous Language Learning with Technology -- pt. II Promoting Out-of-Class Autonomous Language Learning with Technology. 5.Promoting Out-of-Class Autonomous Language Learning with Technology: Learner Training ; 6.Promoting Out-of-Class Autonomous Language Learning with Technology: Teachers' Role ; 7.Promoting Out-of-Class Autonomous Language Learning with Technology: The Resource and Environment Design -- pt. III Researching Out-of-Class Autonomous Language Learning with Technology ; 8.Towards a ; Research Agenda of Out-of-Class Autonomous Language Learning with Technology ; 9.Conclusion and the Way Forward.
• Sommario/riassunto: "This book looks beyond the classroom, and focuses on out-of-class autonomous use of technology for language learning, discussing the theoretical frameworks, key findings and critical issues. The proliferation of digital language learning resources and tools is forcing language education into an era of unprecedented change. The book will stimulate discussions on how to support language learners to construct quality autonomous technology-mediated out-of-class learning experience outside the classroom and raise greater awareness of and research interest in this field. Out-of-class learning constitutes an important context for human development, and active engagement in out-of-class activities is associated with successful language development. With convenient access to expanded resources, venues and learning spaces, today's learners are not as dependent on in-class learning as they used to be. Thus, a deeper understanding of the terrain of out-of-class learning is of increasing significance in the current educational era. Technology is part and parcel of out-of-class language learning, and has been a primary source that learners actively use to construct language learning experience beyond the classroom. Language learners of all ages around the world have been found to actively utilize technological resources to support their language learning beyond formal language learning contexts. Insights into learners' out-of-class autonomous use of technology for language learning are essential to our understanding of out-of-class learning and inform educators on how language learners could be better supported to maximize the educational potentials of technology to construct quality out-of-class learning experience."--Bloomsbury Publishing.