Principles and applications of photochemistry / / Brian Wardle

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910954921503321
• Autore: Wardle Brian
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Hoboken, N.J., : Wiley, 2009
• ISBN: 9780470710135; 0470710136
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: xiv, 250 p. : ill
• Classificazione: 431.5; 541/.35
• Disciplina: 541/.35
• Soggetti: Chemistry; Photochemistry
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Includes index
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Principles and Applications of Photochemistry -- Contents -- Preface -- 1: Introductory Concepts -- AIMS AND OBJECTIVES -- 1.1 THE QUANTUM NATURE OF MATTER AND LIGHT -- 1.2 MODELLING ATOMS: ATOMIC ORBITALS -- 1.3 MODELLING MOLECULES: MOLECULAR ORBITALS -- 1.4 MODELLING MOLECULES: ELECTRONIC STATES -- 1.5 LIGHT SOURCES USED IN PHOTOCHEMISTRY -- 1.5.1 The Mercury Lamp -- 1.5.2 Lasers -- 1.6 EFFICIENCY OF PHOTOCHEMICAL PROCESSES: QUANTUM YIELD -- 1.6.1 Primary Quantum Yield (φ) -- 1.6.2 Overall Quantum Yield (Φ) -- 2: Light Absorption and Electronically-excited States -- AIMS AND OBJECTIVES -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 THE BEER-LAMBERT LAW -- 2.3 THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF LIGHT ABSORPTION BY MOLECULES -- 2.4 ABSORPTION OF LIGHT BY ORGANIC MOLECULES -- 2.5 LINEARLY-CONJUGATED MOLECULES -- 2.6 SOME SELECTION RULES -- 2.7 ABSORPTION OF LIGHT BY INORGANIC COMPLEXES -- 3: The Physical Deactivation of Excited States -- AIMS AND OBJECTIVES -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 JABLONSKI DIAGRAMS -- 3.2.1 Vibrational Relaxation -- 3.2.2 Internal Conversion -- 3.2.3 Intersystem Crossing -- 3.2.4 Fluorescence -- 3.2.5 Phosphorescence -- 3.3 EXCITED-STATE LIFETIMES -- 3.3.1 Excited Singlet-state Lifetime -- 3.3.2 Excited Singlet-state Radiative Lifetime -- 3.3.3 Lifetimes of the T1 Excited State -- 4: Radiative Processes of Excited States -- AIMS AND ; OBJECTIVES -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 FLUORESCENCE AND FLUORESCENCE SPECTRA -- 4.3 AN EXCEPTION TO KASHA'S RULE -- 4.4 FLUORESCENCE QUANTUM YIELD -- 4.5 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO FLUORESCENCE BEHAVIOUR -- 4.5.1 The Nature of S1 -- 4.5.2 Molecular Rigidity -- 4.5.3 The Effect of Substituent Groups -- 4.5.4 The Heavy Atom Effect -- 4.6 MOLECULAR FLUORESCENCE IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY -- 4.7 PHOSPHORESCENCE -- 4.8 DELAYED FLUORESCENCE -- 4.8.1 P-type Delayed Fluorescence (Triplet-Triplet Annihilation).; 4.8.2 E-type Delayed Fluorescence (Thermally-activated Delayed Fluorescence) -- 4.9 LANTHANIDE LUMINESCENCE -- 5: Intramolecular Radiationless Transitions of Excited States -- AIMS AND OBJECTIVES -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 THE ENERGY GAP LAW -- 5.3 THE FRANCK-CONDON FACTOR -- 5.3.1 Case (A): Both Electronic States Have a Similar Geometry, with a Large Energy Separation between the States -- 5.3.2 Case (B): Both Electronic States Have a Similar Geometry, with a Small Energy Separation between the States -- 5.3.3 Case (C): The Electronic States Have Different Geometries, with a Large Energy Separation between the States -- 5.4 HEAVY ATOM EFFECTS ON INTERSYSTEM CROSSING -- 5.5 EL-SAYED'S SELECTION RULES FOR INTERSYSTEM CROSSING -- 6: Intermolecular Physical Processes of Excited States -- AIMS AND OBJECTIVES -- 6.1 QUENCHING PROCESSES -- 6.2 EXCIMERS -- 6.2.1 Excimer Emission in Ca2+ Sensing -- 6.3 EXCIPLEXES -- 6.3.1 Exciplex Fluorescence Imaging -- 6.4 INTERMOLECULAR ELECTRONIC ENERGY TRANSFER -- 6.5 THE TRIVIAL OR RADIATIVE MECHANISM OF ENERGY TRANSFER -- 6.6 LONG-RANGE DIPOLE-DIPOLE (COULOMBIC) ENERGY TRANSFER -- 6.6.1 Dynamic Processes within Living Cells -- 6.6.2 Molecular Ruler -- 6.6.3 Molecular Beacons -- 6.7 SHORT-RANGE ELECTRON-EXCHANGE ENERGY TRANSFER -- 6.7.1 Triplet-Triplet Energy Transfer and Photosensitisation -- 6.7.2 Singlet Oxygen and Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer Treatment -- 6.8 PHOTOINDUCED ELECTRON TRANSFER (PET) -- 6.8.1 Fluorescence Switching by PET -- 6.8.2 The Marcus Theory of Electron Transfer -- 6.8.3 Experimental Evidence Relating to the Marcus Equation -- 6.8.4 Evidence for the Inverted Region -- 7: Some Aspects of the Chemical Properties of Excited States -- AIMS AND OBJECTIVES -- 7.1 THE PATHWAY OF PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS -- 7.2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PHOTOCHEMICAL AND THERMAL REACTIONS -- 7.3 PHOTOLYSIS.; 7.3.1 Photohalogenation of Hydrocarbons -- 7.3.2 The Stratospheric Ozone Layer: Its Photochemical Formation and Degradation -- 7.3.3 Radicals in the Polluted Troposphere -- 7.4 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBON-CENTRED RADICALS -- 7.5 PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF THE COMPLEXES AND ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS OF d-BLOCK ELEMENTS -- 7.5.1 The Photochemistry of Metal Complexes -- 7.5.2 An Aside: Redox Potentials Involved in Photoredox Reactions -- 7.5.3 Organometallic Photochemistry -- 8: The Photochemistry of Alkenes -- AIMS AND OBJECTIVES -- 8.1 EXCITED STATES OF ALKENES -- 8.2 GEOMETRICAL ISOMERISATION BY DIRECT IRRADIATION OF C=C COMPOUNDS -- 8.2.1 Phototherapy -- 8.2.2 Vision -- 8.3 PHOTOSENSITISED GEOMETRICAL ISOMERISATION OF C=C COMPOUNDS -- 8.3.1 Synthesis -- 8.4 CONCERTED PHOTOREACTIONS -- 8.4.1 Electrocyclic Reactions -- 8.4.2 Sigmatropic Shifts -- 8.5 PHOTOCYCLOADDITION REACTIONS -- 8.5.1 Solar Energy Storage -- 8.6 PHOTOADDITION REACTIONS -- 8.6.1 DNA Damage by UV -- 9: The Photochemistry of Carbonyl Compounds -- AIMS AND OBJECTIVES -- 9.1 EXCITED STATES OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS -- 9.2 α-CLEAVAGE REACTIONS -- 9.3 INTERMOLECULAR HYDROGEN-; ABSTRACTION REACTIONS -- 9.4 INTRAMOLECULAR HYDROGEN-ABSTRACTION REACTIONS -- 9.5 PHOTOCYCLOADDITION REACTIONS -- 9.6 THE ROLE OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS IN POLYMER CHEMISTRY -- 9.6.1 Vinyl Polymerisation -- 9.6.2 Photochemical Cross-linking of Polymers -- 9.6.3 Photodegradation of Polymers -- 10: Investigating Some Aspects of Photochemical Reaction Mechanisms -- AIMS AND OBJECTIVES -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 INFORMATION FROM ELECTRONIC SPECTRA -- 10.3 TRIPLET-QUENCHING STUDIES -- 10.4 SENSITISATION -- 10.5 FLASH PHOTOLYSIS STUDIES -- 10.5.1 An Aside: Some Basic Ideas on Reaction Kinetics -- 10.5.2 Flash Photolysis Studies in Bimolecular Electron-transfer Processes.; 10.5.3 Photochemistry of Substituted Benzoquinones in Ethanol/Water -- 10.5.4 Time-resolved Infrared Spectroscopy -- 10.5.5 Femtochemistry -- 10.6 LOW-TEMPERATURE STUDIES -- FURTHER READING -- 11: Semiconductor Photochemistry -- AIMS AND OBJECTIVES -- 11.1 INTRODUCTION TO SEMICONDUCTOR PHOTOCHEMISTRY -- 11.2 SOLAR-ENERGY CONVERSION BY PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS -- 11.2.1 Dye-sensitised Photovoltaic Cells -- 11.3 SEMICONDUCTORS AS SENSITISERS FOR WATER SPLITTING -- 11.4 SEMICONDUCTOR PHOTOCATALYSIS -- 11.5 SEMICONDUCTOR-PHOTOINDUCED SUPERHYDROPHILICITY -- FURTHER READING -- 12: An Introduction to Supramolecular Photochemistry -- AIMS AND OBJECTIVES -- 12.1 SOME BASIC IDEAS -- 12.2 HOST-GUEST SUPRAMOLECULAR PHOTOCHEMISTRY -- 12.2.1 Micelles -- 12.2.2 Zeolites as Supramolecular Hosts for Photochemical Transformations -- 12.2.3 Cyclodextrins as Supramolecular Hosts -- 12.3 SUPRAMOLECULAR PHOTOCHEMISTRY IN NATURAL SYSTEMS -- 12.3.1 Vision -- 12.3.2 Photosynthesis -- 12.3.3 Bacterial Photosynthesis -- 12.4 ARTIFICIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS -- 12.5 PHOTOCHEMICAL SUPRAMOLECULAR DEVICES -- 12.5.1 Devices for Photoinduced Energy or Electron Transfer -- 12.5.2 Devices for Information Processing based on Photochemical or Photophysical Processes -- 12.5.3 Devices Designed to Undergo Extensive Conformational Changes on Photoexcitation: Photochemically-driven Molecular Machines -- FURTHER READING -- Index.
• Sommario/riassunto: A modern introduction to photochemistry covering the principles and applications of this topic from both a physical chemistry and organic chemistry angle. Coverage ranges from subjects such as lasers, the atmosphere, biochemistry, medicine and industry and also includes the latest developments in relation to photochemical molecular machines, photodynamic therapy applied to cancer, photochromatic imaging, and photostabilizers. Little in the way of prior knowledge is assumed, and the reader is aided by numerous worked examples, learning objectives, chapter summaries and problems.