A Users Guide to Vacuum Technology

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910841218203321
• Autore: O'Hanlon John F
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Newark : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , 2023; ©2024
• ISBN: 1-394-17423-3; 1-394-17414-4
• Edizione: [4th ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (579 pages)
• Altri autori (Persone): GessertTimothy A
• Disciplina: 621.5/5
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Symbols -- Part I Its Basis -- Chapter 1 Vacuum Technology -- 1.1 Units of Measurement -- References -- Chapter 2 Gas Properties -- 2.1 Kinetic Picture of a Gas -- 2.1.1 Velocity Distribution -- 2.1.2 Energy Distribution -- 2.1.3 Mean Free Path -- 2.1.4 Particle Flux -- 2.1.5 Monolayer Formation Time -- 2.1.6 Pressure -- 2.2 Gas Laws -- 2.2.1 Boyle's Law -- 2.2.2 Amontons' Law -- 2.2.3 Charles' Law -- 2.2.4 Dalton's Law -- 2.2.5 Avogadro's Law -- 2.2.6 Graham's Law -- 2.3 Elementary Gas Transport Phenomena -- 2.3.1 Viscosity -- 2.3.2 Thermal Conductivity -- 2.3.3 Diffusion -- 2.3.4 Thermal Transpiration -- References -- Chapter 3 Gas Flow -- 3.1 Flow Regimes -- 3.2 Flow Concepts -- 3.3 Continuum Flow -- 3.3.1 Orifice -- 3.3.2 Long Round Tube -- 3.3.3 Short Round Tube -- 3.4 Molecular Flow -- 3.4.1 Orifice -- 3.4.2 Long Round Tube -- 3.4.3 Short Round Tube -- 3.4.4 Irregular Structures -- 3.4.5 Components in Parallel and Series -- 3.5 Models Spanning Molecular and Viscous Flow -- References -- Chapter 4 Gas Release from Solids -- 4.1 Vaporization -- 4.2 Diffusion -- 4.2.1 Reduction of Outdiffusion by Vacuum Baking -- 4.3 Thermal Desorption -- 4.3.1 Zero Order -- 4.3.2 First Order -- 4.3.3 Second Order -- 4.3.4 Desorption from Real Surfaces -- 4.3.5 Outgassing Measurements -- 4.3.6 Outgassing Models -- 4.3.7 Reduction by Baking -- 4.4 Stimulated Desorption -- ; 4.4.1 Electron-Stimulated Desorption -- 4.4.2 Ion-Stimulated Desorption -- 4.4.3 Stimulated Chemical Reactions -- 4.4.4 Photo Desorption -- 4.5 Permeation -- 4.5.1 Atomic and Molecular Permeation -- 4.5.2 Dissociative Permeation -- 4.5.3 Permeation and Outgassing Units -- 4.6 Pressure Limitations During Pumping -- References -- Part II Measurement -- Chapter 5 Pressure Gauges -- 5.1 Direct Reading Gauges.; 5.1.1 Diaphragm and Bourdon Gauges -- 5.1.2 Capacitance Manometer -- 5.2 Indirect Reading Gauges -- 5.2.1 Thermal Conductivity Gauges -- 5.2.2 Spinning Rotor Gauge -- 5.2.3 Ionization Gauges -- References -- Chapter 6 Flow Meters -- 6.1 Molar Flow, Mass Flow, and Throughput -- 6.2 Rotameters and Chokes -- 6.3 Differential Pressure Devices -- 6.4 Thermal Mass Flow Technique -- 6.4.1 Mass Flow Meter -- 6.4.2 Mass Flow Controller -- 6.4.3 Mass Flow Meter Calibration -- References -- Chapter 7 Pumping Speed -- 7.1 Definition -- 7.2 Mechanical Pump Speed Measurements -- 7.3 High Vacuum Pump Speed Measurements -- 7.3.1 Methods -- 7.3.2 Gas and Pump Dependence -- 7.3.3 Approximate Speed Measurements -- 7.3.4 Errors -- References -- Chapter 8 Residual Gas Analyzers -- 8.1 Instrument Description -- 8.1.1 Ion Sources -- 8.1.2 Mass Filters -- 8.1.3 Detectors -- 8.2 Installation and Operation -- 8.2.1 Operation at High Vacuum -- 8.2.2 Operation at Medium and Low Vacuum -- 8.3 Calibration -- 8.4 Choosing an Instrument -- References -- Chapter 9 Interpretation of RGA Data -- 9.1 Cracking Patterns -- 9.1.1 Dissociative Ionization -- 9.1.2 Isotopes -- 9.1.3 Multiple Ionization -- 9.1.4 Combined Effects -- 9.1.5 Ion-Molecule Reactions -- 9.2 Qualitative Analysis -- 9.3 Quantitative Analysis -- 9.3.1 Isolated Spectra -- 9.3.2 Overlapping Spectra -- References -- Part III Production -- Chapter 10 Mechanical Pumps -- 10.1 Rotary Vane -- 10.2 Lobe -- 10.3 Claw -- 10.4 Multistage Lobe -- 10.5 Scroll -- 10.6 Screw -- 10.7 Diaphragm -- 10.8 Reciprocating Piston -- 10.9 Mechanical Pump Operation -- References -- Chapter 11 Turbomolecular Pumps -- 11.1 Pumping Mechanism -- 11.2 Speed-Compression Relations -- 11.2.1 Maximum Compression -- 11.2.2 Maximum Speed -- 11.2.3 General Relation -- 11.3 Ultimate Pressure -- 11.4 Turbomolecular Pump Designs -- 11.5 Turbo-Drag Pumps.; References -- Chapter 12 Diffusion Pumps -- 12.1 Pumping Mechanism -- 12.2 Speed-Throughput Characteristics -- 12.3 Boiler Heating Effects -- 12.4 Backstreaming, Baffles, and Traps -- References -- Chapter 13 Getter and Ion Pumps -- 13.1 Getter Pumps -- 13.1.1 Titanium Sublimation -- 13.1.2 Non-evaporable Getters -- 13.2 Ion Pumps -- References -- Chapter 14 Cryogenic Pumps -- 14.1 Pumping Mechanisms -- 14.2 Speed, Pressure, and Saturation -- 14.3 Cooling Methods -- 14.4 Cryopump Characteristics -- 14.4.1 Sorption Pumps -- 14.4.2 Gas Refrigerator Pumps -- 14.4.3 Liquid Cryogen Pumps -- References -- Part IV Materials -- Chapter 15 Materials in Vacuum -- 15.1 Metals -- 15.1.1 Vaporization -- 15.1.2 Permeability -- 15.1.3 Outgassing -- 15.1.4 Structural Metals -- 15.2 Glasses and Ceramics -- 15.3 Polymers -- References -- Chapter 16 Joints Seals and Valves -- 16.1 Permanent Joints -- 16.1.1 Welding -- 16.1.2 Soldering and Brazing -- 16.1.3 Joining Glasses and Ceramics -- 16.2 Demountable Joints -- 16.2.1 Elastomer Seals -- 16.2.2 Metal Gaskets -- 16.3 Valves and Motion Feedthroughs -- 16.3.1 Small Valves -- 16.3.2 Large Valves -- 16.3.3 Special-Purpose Valves -- 16.3.4 Motion Feedthroughs -- References -- Chapter 17 Pump Fluids and Lubricants -- 17.1 Pump Fluids -- 17.1.1 Fluid Properties -- 17.1.2 Fluid Types -- 17.1.3 Selecting Fluids -- 17.1.4 Reclamation -- 17.2 Lubricants -- 17.2.1 Lubricant Properties -- 17.2.2 Selecting Lubricants -- ; References -- Part V Systems -- Chapter 18 Rough Vacuum Pumping -- 18.1 Exhaust Rate -- 18.1.1 Pump Size -- 18.1.2 Aerosol Formation -- 18.2 Crossover -- 18.2.1 Minimum Crossover Pressure -- 18.2.2 Maximum Crossover Pressure -- References -- Chapter 19 High Vacuum Systems -- 19.1 Diffusion-Pumped Systems -- 19.1.1 Operating Modes -- 19.1.2 Operating Issues -- 19.2 Turbo-Pumped Systems -- 19.2.1 Operating Modes.; 19.2.2 Operating Issues -- 19.3 Sputter-Ion-Pumped Systems -- 19.3.1 Operating Modes -- 19.3.2 Operating Issues -- 19.4 Cryo-Pumped Systems -- 19.4.1 Operating Modes -- 19.4.2 Regeneration -- 19.4.3 Operating Issues -- 19.5 High Vacuum Chambers -- 19.5.1 Managing Water Vapor -- References -- Chapter 20 Ultraclean Vacuum Systems -- 20.1 Ultraclean Pumps -- 20.1.1 Dry Roughing Pumps -- 20.1.2 Turbopumps -- 20.1.3 Cryopumps -- 20.1.4 Sputter-Ion, TSP, and NEG Pumps -- 20.2 Ultraclean Chamber Materials and Components -- 20.3 Ultraclean System Pumping and Pressure Measurement -- References -- Chapter 21 Controlling Contamination in Vacuum Systems -- 21.1 Defining Contamination in a Vacuum Environment -- 21.1.1 Establishing Control of Vacuum Contamination -- 21.1.2 Types of Vacuum Contamination -- 21.2 Pump Contamination -- 21.2.1 Low/Rough and Medium Vacuum Pump Contamination -- 21.2.2 High and UHV Vacuum Pump Contamination -- 21.3 Evacuation Contamination -- 21.3.1 Particle Sources -- 21.3.2 Remediation Methods -- 21.4 Venting Contamination -- 21.5 Internal Components, Mechanisms, and Bearings -- 21.6 Machining Contamination -- 21.6.1 Cutting, Milling, and Turning -- 21.6.2 Grinding and Polishing -- 21.6.3 Welding -- 21.7 Process-Related Sources -- 21.7.1 Deposition Sources -- 21.7.2 Leak Detection -- 21.8 Lubrication Contamination -- 21.8.1 Liquid Lubricants -- 21.8.2 Solid Lubricants -- 21.8.3 Lamellar, Polymer, and Suspension Lubricants -- 21.9 Vacuum System and Component Cleaning -- 21.9.1 Designing a Cleaning Process -- 21.10 Review of Clean Room Environments for Vacuum Systems -- 21.10.1 The Cleanroom Environment -- 21.10.2 Using Vacuum Systems in a Cleanroom Environment -- References -- Chapter 22 High Flow Systems -- 22.1 Mechanically Pumped Systems -- 22.2 Throttled High Vacuum Systems -- 22.2.1 Chamber Designs -- 22.2.2 Turbo Pumped.; 22.2.3 Cryo Pumped -- References -- Chapter 23 Multichambered Systems -- 23.1 Flexible Substrates -- 23.2 Rigid Substrates -- 23.2.1 Inline Systems -- 23.2.2 Cluster Systems -- 23.3 Analytical Instruments -- References -- Chapter 24 Leak Detection -- 24.1 Mass Spectrometer Leak Detectors -- 24.1.1 Forward Flow -- 24.1.2 Counter flow -- 24.2 Performance -- 24.2.1 Sensitivity -- 24.2.2 Response Time -- 24.2.3 Testing Pressurized Chambers -- 24.2.4 Calibration -- 24.3 Leak Hunting Techniques -- 24.4 Leak Detecting with Hydrogen Tracer Gas -- References -- Part VI Appendices -- Appendix A Units and Constants -- A.1 Physical Constants -- A.2 SI Base Units -- A.3 Conversion Factors -- Appendix B Gas Properties -- B.1 Mean Free Paths of Gasses as a Function of Pressure at T = 25°C -- B.2 Physical Properties of Gasses and Vapors at T = 0°C -- B.3 Cryogenic Properties of Gases -- B.4 Gas Conductance and Flow Formulas -- B.5 Vapor Pressure Curves of Common Gases -- B.6 Appearance of Discharges in Gases and Vapors at Low Pressures -- B.7 DC Breakdown Voltages for Air and Helium Between Flat Parallel Plates -- B.8 Particle Settling Velocities in Air -- Appendix C Material Properties -- C.1 Outgassing Rates of Vacuum-Baked Metals -- C.2 Outgassing Rates of Unbaked Metals -- C.3 Outgassing Rates of Ceramics and Glasses -- C.4 Outgassing Rates of Elastomers -- C.5 Permeability of Polymeric ; Materials -- C.6 Vapor Pressure Curves of the Solid and Liquid Elements (Sheet A) -- C.7 Outgassing Rates of Polymers -- C.8 Austenitic Stainless Steels -- Appendix D Isotopes -- D.1 Natural Abundances -- Appendix E Cracking Patterns -- E.1 Cracking Patterns of Pump Fluids -- E.2 Cracking Patterns of Gases -- E.3 Cracking Patterns of Common Vapors -- E.4 Cracking Patterns of Common Solvents -- E.5 Cracking Patterns of Semiconductor Dopants -- Appendix F Pump Fluid Properties.; F.1 Compatibility of Elastomers and Pump Fluids.

Statistical and Historical Account of the District of Thayetmyo Pegu division of British Burma / by Horace Albert Browne

• Record Nr.: UNIORUON00028894
• Autore: BROWNE, Horace Albert
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Rangoon, : Printed at the Albion Press, 1873
• Descrizione fisica: xi, 251 , vi p. ; 21 cm
• Classificazione: BIR VIII A
• Soggetti: BIRMANIA - Storia - Periodo britannico; Economia agraria - Birmania
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia

Simple Solutions to Complex Catastrophes : Dialectics of Peace, Climate, Finance, and Health / / by John Braithwaite

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910841872503321
• Autore: Braithwaite John
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Cham : , : Springer Nature Switzerland : , : Imprint : Palgrave Macmillan, , 2024
• ISBN: 9783031487477
• Edizione: [1st ed. 2024.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (444 pages)
• Collana: Sustainable Development Goals Series, , 2523-3092
• Disciplina: 363.348
• Soggetti: Criminology; Crime - Sociological aspects; Peace; International relations; Comparative government; Crime Control and Security; Crime and Society; Peace and Conflict Studies; International Relations Theory; Comparative Public Policy
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di contenuto: Preface -- 1. Rapid cascades, coupled crises -- 2. Containment of crises -- 3. Containing states rarely, temporarily -- 4. Institutions to manage threats -- 5. Containing Weapon Systems -- 6. Restorative diplomacy -- 7. Contest political ritualism -- 8. Taking simple institutional virtues seriously.
• Sommario/riassunto: This open access book sets out simple solutions to managing complex catastrophes. It focusses on four kinds of crises – climate change, crime-war cascades, epidemics and financial crises. These catastrophes are conceived as complex and prone to cascade effects. This book is optimistic in explaining that there are identifiable simple institutions that international society can strengthen and some simple principles that can help humankind to control the expanding gamut of complex catastrophes that confront the planet including simple, stable ; institutions and regulatory bodies. It draws on a wide range of current and past crises and challenges, from the Cold War to COVID-19, and from Weapons of Mass Destruction to restorative diplomacy with States like China, to provide an urgent and timely path forward. Braithwaite argues that improved peacemaking, and step by step progress toward abolition of Weapons of Mass Destruction helps prevent environmental, pandemic, and financial catastrophes. His method across four kinds of crises is first to prioritize simple principles and simple institutions that prevent coupled catastrophes from cascading one to the other. The next step is to pursue requisite variety in responses by diagnosing dialectically when additional interventions will and will not add value for crisis control. Braithwaite argues that minimal sufficiency of deterrence, responsive regulation of risks, and restorative diplomacy offer superior theoretical foundations than realism in international relations theory and in organizational crime control. It speaks to those interested in criminology, public policy and international relations, political science, sociology, public health and economics. John Braithwaite is an Emeritus Distinguished Professor of the Australian National University, and an interdisciplinary scholar of peacebuilding, war crime, business crime, criminological theory, and regulation and governance. He founded and was the first Director of the School of Regulation and Global Governance (RegNet) at ANU Many of his previous works can be downloaded from johnbraithwaite.com.