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Record Nr. |
UNINA9910830939203321 |
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Autore |
Sutherland Peter E. |
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Titolo |
Principles of electrical safety / / Peter E. Sutherland |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Hoboken, New Jersey : , : IEEE Press/Wiley, , [2015] |
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[Piscataqay, New Jersey] : , : IEEE Xplore, , [2014] |
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ISBN |
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1-118-88639-9 |
1-118-95034-8 |
1-118-95035-6 |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (795 p.) |
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Collana |
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IEEE press series on power engineering |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Electrical engineering - Safety measures |
Electricity - Safety measures |
Electric apparatus and appliances - Safety measures |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Note generali |
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Description based upon print version of record. |
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Nota di bibliografia |
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Includes bibliographical references (pages 352-360) and index. |
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Nota di contenuto |
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LIST OF FIGURES xiii -- LIST OF TABLES xxv -- PREFACE xxix -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxvii -- CHAPTER 1 MATHEMATICS USED IN ELECTROMAGNETISM 1 -- 1.1 Introduction 1 -- 1.2 Numbers 2 -- 1.3 Mathematical Operations with Vectors 17 -- 1.4 Calculus with Vectors-The Gradient 18 -- 1.5 Divergence, Curl, and Stokes' Theorem 23 -- 1.6 Maxwell's Equations 25 -- CHAPTER 2 ELECTRICAL SAFETY ASPECTS OF THE RESISTANCEPROPERTY OF MATERIALS 30 -- 2.1 Introduction 30 -- 2.2 Hazards Caused by Electrical Resistance 31 -- 2.3 Resistance and Conductance 38 -- 2.4 Example-Trunk of a Human Body 42 -- 2.5 Example-Limb of a Human Body 43 -- 2.6 Power and Energy Flow 44 -- 2.7 Sheet Resistivity 47 -- 2.8 Example-Square of Dry Skin 48 -- 2.9 Spreading Resistance 48 -- 2.10 Example-Circle of Dry Skin 49 -- 2.11 Particle Conductivity 50 -- 2.12 Examples-Potassium, Sodium, and Chlorine Ions 53 -- 2.13 Cable Resistance 53 -- CHAPTER 3 CAPACITANCE PHENOMENA 59 -- 3.1 Fundamentals of Capacitance 59 -- 3.2 Capacitance and Permittivity 62 -- 3.3 Capacitance in Electrical Circuits 65 -- 3.4 Capacitance of Body Parts 69 -- 3.4.1 Example-Skin Capacitance 69 -- 3.4.2 Example-Capacitance of Trunk and Limb 70 -- |
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3.5 Electrical Hazards of Capacitance 71 -- 3.6 Capacitance of Cables 72 -- CHAPTER 4 INDUCTANCE PHENOMENA 74 -- 4.1 Inductance in Electrical Theory 74 -- 4.2 Inductance of Wires 76 -- 4.3 Example-Inductance of a Conductor 76 -- 4.4 Example-Inductance of Trunk and Limb 77 -- 4.5 Inductors or Reactors 77 -- 4.6 Skin Effect 77 -- 4.7 Cable Inductance 81 -- 4.8 Surge Impedance 83 -- 4.9 Bus Bar Impedance Calculations 84 -- CHAPTER 5 CIRCUIT MODEL OF THE HUMAN BODY 90 -- 5.1 Calculation of Electrical Shock Using the Circuit Model ofthe Body 90 -- 5.2 Frequency Response of the Human Body 93 -- CHAPTER 6 EFFECT OF CURRENT ON THE HUMAN BODY 101 -- 6.1 Introduction to Electrical Shock 101 -- 6.2 Human and Animal Sensitivities to Electric Current 102 -- 6.3 Human Body Impedance 104 -- 6.4 Effects of Various Exposure Conditions 107. |
6.4.1 Bare Feet, Wet Conditions, and Other Variations 107 -- 6.4.2 Shoes and Other Insulated Objects and the Earth 108 -- 6.5 Current Paths Through the Body 108 -- 6.6 Human Response to Electrical Shock Varies with ExposureConditions, Current Magnitude, and Duration 113 -- 6.7 Medical Imaging and Simulations 114 -- CHAPTER 7 FUNDAMENTALS OF GROUND GRID DESIGN 118 -- 7.1 Introduction to Ground Grid Design 118 -- 7.2 Summary of Ground Grid Design Procedures 119 -- 7.2.1 Site Survey 119 -- 7.2.2 Conductor Sizing 119 -- 7.2.3 Step and Touch Voltages 122 -- 7.2.4 Ground Grid Layout 124 -- 7.2.5 Ground Resistance Calculation 124 -- 7.2.6 Calculation of Maximum Grid Current 125 -- 7.2.7 Calculation of Ground Potential Rise (GPR) 125 -- 7.2.8 Calculation of Mesh Voltage, Em 125 -- 7.2.9 Calculation of Step Voltage, Es 127 -- 7.2.10 Detailed Design 127 -- 7.3 Example Design from IEEE Standard 80 128 -- CHAPTER 8 SAFETY ASPECTS OF GROUND GRID OPERATION ANDMAINTENANCE 138 -- 8.1 Introduction 138 -- 8.2 Effects of High Fault Currents 138 -- 8.3 Damage or Failure of Grounding Equipment 142 -- 8.3.1 Thermal Damage to Conductors Due to ExcessiveShort-Circuit Currents 142 -- 8.3.2 Connector Damage Due to Excessive Short-Circuit Stresses143 -- 8.3.3 Drying of the Soil Resulting in Increased Soil Resistivity144 -- 8.4 Recommendations 145 -- CHAPTER 9 GROUNDING OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 147 -- 9.1 Stray Currents in Distribution Systems 147 -- 9.2 Three-Phase Multigrounded Neutral Distribution Line 148 -- 9.3 Secondary Systems: 120/240 V Single Phase 154 -- 9.3.1 Example of Stray Currents-Touching a GroundedConductor 158 -- 9.3.2 Example of Stray Currents-With One Conductor Shortedto Neutral 159 -- 9.4 Remediation of Stray-Current Problems 160 -- 9.5 Grounding and Overvoltages in Distribution Systems 163 -- 9.6 High-Resistance Grounding of Distribution Systems 167 -- 9.6.1 Methods of Determining Charging Current 169 -- CHAPTER 10 ARC FLASH HAZARD ANALYSIS 172 -- 10.1 Introduction to Arc Flash Hazards 172. |
10.2 Factors Affecting the Severity of Arc Flash Hazards 176 -- 10.3 Example Arc Flash Calculations 179 -- 10.4 Remediation of Arc Flash Hazards 180 -- 10.4.1 Example: Correcting an Arc Flash Problem When aCoordination Problem Requires Replacing Trip Units 180 -- 10.4.2 Example: Correcting a Coordination Problem WithoutIntroducing an Arc Flash Problem 182 -- 10.5 Coordination of Low-Voltage Breaker Instantaneous Trips forArc Flash Hazard Reduction 185 -- 10.5.1 Hospital #1-Time-Current Curve Examples189 -- 10.5.2 Hospital #2-Time-Current Curve Examples194 -- 10.5.3 Hospital #3-Time-Current Curve Examples 200 -- 10.6 Low-Voltage Transformer Secondary Arc Flash Protectionusing Fuses 205 -- CHAPTER 11 EFFECT OF HIGH FAULT CURRENTS ON PROTECTION ANDMETERING 216 -- 11.1 Introduction 216 -- 11.2 Current Transformer Saturation 217 -- 11.3 Saturation of Low-Ratio CTs 219 -- 11.3.1 AC Saturation 219 -- 11.3.2 |
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DC Saturation 221 -- 11.4 Testing of Current Transformer Saturation 224 -- 11.5 Effect of High Fault Currents on Coordination 228 -- 11.6 Protective Relay Ratings and Settings 230 -- 11.7 Effects of Fault Currents on Protective Relays 232 -- 11.7.1 Examples 233 -- 11.8 Methods for Upgrading Protection Systems 233 -- 11.8.1 Update Short-Circuit Study 233 -- 11.8.2 Update Protective Device Coordination Study 233 -- CHAPTER 12 EFFECTS OF HIGH FAULT CURRENTS ON CIRCUIT BREAKERS235 -- 12.1 Insufficient Interrupting Capability 236 -- 12.2 High Voltage Air Circuit Breakers 236 -- 12.3 Vacuum Circuit Breakers 237 -- 12.4 SF6 Circuit Breakers 239 -- 12.5 Loss of Interruption Medium 241 -- 12.6 Interrupting Ratings of Switching Devices 242 -- 12.7 Circuit Breakers 243 -- 12.8 Fuses 244 -- 12.9 Case Studies 245 -- 12.9.1 Example: Diablo Canyon 245 -- 12.9.2 Example: Dresden and Quad Cities 248 -- 12.10 Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers 249 -- 12.11 Testing of Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers 251 -- 12.11.1 Testing of Low-Voltage Molded-Case Circuit BreakersAccording to UL Standard 489 252. |
12.11.2 Testing of Low-Voltage Molded-Case Circuit Breakers forUse With Uninterruptible Power Supplies According to UL Standard489 259 -- 12.11.3 Testing of Supplementary Protectors for Use inElectrical Equipment According to UL Standard 1077 261 -- 12.11.4 Testing of Transfer Switch Equipment According to ULStandard 1008 272 -- 12.11.5 Testing of Low-Voltage AC Power Circuit BreakersAccording to ANSI Standard C37.50-1989 276 -- 12.11.6 Testing of Low-Voltage DC Power Circuit BreakersAccording to IEEE Standard C37.14-2002 280 -- 12.11.7 Testing of Low-Voltage Switchgear and ControlgearAccording to IEC Standard 60947-1 284 -- 12.11.8 Testing of Low-Voltage AC and DC Circuit BreakersAccording to IEC Standard 60947-2 285 -- 12.11.9 Testing of Circuit Breakers Used for Across-the-LineStarters for Motors According to IEC /Standard 60947-4-1 288 -- 12.11.10 Testing of Circuit Breakers Used in Households andSimilar Installations According to IEC Standard 60898-1 and -2290 -- 12.11.11 Testing of Circuit Breakers Used in Equipment such asElectrical Appliances According to IEC Standard 60934 293 -- 12.12 Testing of High-Voltage Circuit Breakers 296 -- CHAPTER 13 MECHANICAL FORCES AND THERMAL EFFECTS INSUBSTATION EQUIPMENT DUE TO HIGH FAULT CURRENTS 299 -- 13.1 Introduction 299 -- 13.2 Definitions 299 -- 13.3 Short-Circuit Mechanical Forces on Rigid Bus Bars 300 -- 13.3.1 Short-Circuit Mechanical Forces on Rigid BusBars-Circular Cross Section 300 -- 13.3.2 Short-Circuit Mechanical Forces-Rectangular CrossSection 302 -- 13.4 Dynamic Effects of Short Circuits 302 -- 13.5 Short-Circuit Thermal Effects 304 -- 13.6 Flexible Conductor Buses 305 -- 13.6.1 Conductor Motion During a Fault 307 -- 13.6.2 Pinch Forces on Bundled Conductors 311 -- 13.7 Force Safety Devices 316 -- 13.8 Substation Cable and Conductor Systems 318 -- 13.8.1 Cable Thermal Limits 318 -- 13.8.2 Cable Mechanical Limits 319 -- 13.9 Distribution Line Conductor Motion 319 -- 13.10 Effects of High Fault Currents on Substation Insulators320. |
13.10.1 Station Post Insulators for Rigid Bus Bars 320 -- 13.10.2 Suspension Insulators for Flexible Conductor Buses322 -- 13.11 Effects of High Fault Currents on Gas-InsulatedSubstations (GIS) 322 -- CHAPTER 14 EFFECT OF HIGH FAULT CURRENTS ON TRANSMISSIONLINES 325 -- 14.1 Introduction 325 -- 14.2 Effect of High Fault Current on Non-Ceramic Insulators(NCI) 325 -- 14.3 Conductor Motion Due to Fault Currents 328 -- 14.4 Calculation of Fault Current Motion for Horizontally SpacedConductors 329 -- 14.5 Effect of Conductor Shape 330 -- 14.6 Conductor Equations of Motion |
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331 -- 14.7 Effect of Conductor Stretch 332 -- 14.8 Calculation of Fault Current Motion for Vertically SpacedConductors 332 -- 14.9 Calculation Procedure 333 -- 14.10 Calculation of Tension Change with Motion 334 -- 14.11 Calculation of Mechanical Loading on Phase-to-PhaseSpacers 335 -- 14.12 Effect of Bundle Pinch on Conductors and Spacers 336 -- CHAPTER 15 LIGHTNING AND SURGE PROTECTION 338 -- 15.1 Surge Voltage Sources and Waveshapes 338 -- 15.2 Surge Propagation, Refraction, and Reflection 343 -- 15.3 Insulation Withstand Characteristics and Protection 346 -- 15.4 Surge Arrester Characteristics 349 -- 15.5 Surge Arrester Application 350 -- REFERENCES 352 -- INDEX 361. |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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This book fills a void in the market by describing currentknowledge in electrical safety as industry needs electricalengineers who have been trained in safety engineeringeducation.Electrical safety is an often-neglected area of electrical powerengineering, and electrical safety measures in industry are notalways applied in electrical engineering laboratories ofeducational institutions. Since the industry is in need ofelectrical engineers who have been properly trained in safetyengineering education, Sutherland has presented several up-to-datetopics in the field. . Provides a high-level introduction to the educated electricalengineer in any field who needs to know about electricalsafety. Presents the subject of electrical safety to a wideraudience. Includes an introduction to theory followed by a series ofpractical applications. Examines the electrical fundamentals of resistance, inductanceand capacitance as applied to the human bodyWith an in-depth evaluation of electrical engineering safetymeasures, this book is designed to become part of the preparationof every current and future engineer. Principles of ElectricalSafety will also be a suitable guide for lab setting inacademic institutions. |
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