Mechanical properties of solid polymers / / I.M. Ward, J. Sweeney

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910830923303321
• Autore: Ward I. M (Ian Macmillan), <1928->
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Chichester, West Sussex, : Wiley, 2013
• ISBN: 9781119967125; 1-119-96712-0; 1-299-19019-7; 1-119-96711-2; 1-118-41319-9
• Edizione: [Third edition]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (477 p.)
• Classificazione: TEC009010
• Altri autori (Persone): SweeneyJ (John)
• Disciplina: 620.1/9204292; 620.19204292
• Soggetti: Polymers - Mechanical properties; Polímers - Propietats mecàniques
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Mechanical Properties of Solid Polymers; Contents; Preface; 1 Structure of Polymers; 1.1 Chemical Composition; 1.1.1 Polymerisation; 1.1.2 Cross-Linking and Chain-Branching; 1.1.3 Average Molecular Mass and Molecular Mass Distribution; 1.1.4 Chemical and Steric Isomerism and Stereoregularity; 1.1.5 Liquid Crystalline Polymers; 1.1.6 Blends, Grafts and Copolymers; 1.2 Physical Structure; 1.2.1 Rotational Isomerism; 1.2.2 Orientation and Crystallinity; References; Further Reading; 2 The Mechanical Properties of Polymers: General Considerations; 2.1 Objectives; 2.2 The Different Types of Mechanical Behaviour2.3 The Elastic Solid and the Behaviour of Polymers; 2.4 Stress and Strain; 2.4.1 The State of Stress; 2.4.2 The State of Strain; 2.5 The Generalised Hooke's Law; References; 3 The Behaviour in the Rubber-Like State: Finite Strain Elasticity; 3.1 The Generalised Definition of Strain; 3.1.1 The Cauchy-Green Strain Measure; 3.1.2 Principal Strains; 3.1.3 Transformation of Strain; 3.1.4 Examples of Elementary Strain Fields; 3.1.5 Relationship of Engineering Strains to General Strains; 3.1.6 Logarithmic Strain; 3.2 The Stress Tensor; 3.3 The Stress-Strain Relationships3.4 The Use of a Strain Energy Function; 3.4.1 Thermodynamic Considerations; 3.4.2 The Form of the Strain Energy Function; 3.4.3 The Strain Invariants; 3.4.4 Application of the Invariant Approach; 3.4.5 Application of the Principal Stretch Approach; References; 4 Rubber-Like Elasticity; 4.1 General Features of Rubber-Like Behaviour; 4.2 The Thermodynamics of Deformation; 4.2.1 The Thermoelastic Inversion Effect; 4.3 The Statistical Theory; 4.3.1 Simplifying Assumptions; 4.3.2 Average Length of a Molecule between Cross-Links; 4.3.3 The Entropy of a Single Chain4.3.4 The Elasticity of a Molecular Network; 4.4 Modifications of Simple Molecular Theory; 4.4.1 The Phantom Network Model; 4.4.2 The Constrained Junction Model; 4.4.3 The Slip Link Model; 4.4.4 The Inverse Langevin Approximation; 4.4.5 The Conformational Exhaustion Model; 4.4.6 The Effect of Strain-Induced Crystallisation; 4.5 The Internal Energy Contribution to Rubber Elasticity; 4.6 Conclusions; References; Further Reading; 5 Linear Viscoelastic Behaviour; 5.1 Viscoelasticity as a Phenomenon; 5.1.1 Linear Viscoelastic Behaviour; 5.1.2 Creep; 5.1.3 Stress Relaxation5.2 Mathematical Representation of Linear Viscoelasticity; 5.2.1 The Boltzmann Superposition Principle; 5.2.2 The Stress Relaxation Modulus; 5.2.3 The Formal Relationship between Creep and Stress Relaxation; 5.2.4 Mechanical Models, Relaxation and Retardation Time Spectra; 5.2.5 The Kelvin or Voigt Model; 5.2.6 The Maxwell Model; 5.2.7 The Standard Linear Solid; 5.2.8 Relaxation Time Spectra and Retardation Time Spectra; 5.3 Dynamical Mechanical Measurements: The Complex Modulus and Complex Compliance; 5.3.1 Experimental Patterns for G1, G2 and so on as a Function of Frequency
• Sommario/riassunto: "A substantially updated version of the previous 1983, combined with material from the highly regarded 2004 edition with the detailed mechanics of the first edition. Providing an updated and comprehensive account of the properties of solid polymers, the book covers all aspects of mechanical behaviour. This includes finite elastic behavior, linear viscoelasticity and mechanical relaxations, mechanical anisotropy, non-linear viscoelasicity, yield behavior and fracture. New to this edition is coverage of polymer nanocomposites, and molecular interpretations of yield, e.g. Bowden, Young, and Argon. The book begins by focusing on the structure of polymers, including their chemical composition and physical structure. It goes on to discuss the mechanical properties and behaviour of polymers, the statistical molecular theories of the rubber-like state and describes aspects of linear viscoelastic behaviour, its measurement, and experimental studies. Later chapters cover composites and experimental behaviour, relaxation transitions, stress and yielding. The book concludes with a discussion of breaking phenomena"--

Introduction to flight testing / / James W. Gregory, Tianshu Liu

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910816370303321
• Autore: Gregory James W.
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Hoboken, New Jersey : , : Wiley, , [2021]; ©2021
• ISBN: 1-118-94980-3; 1-118-94979-X; 1-118-94981-1
• Edizione: [First edition.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (355 pages)
• Collana: Aerospace
• Disciplina: 629.13453
• Soggetti: Airplanes - Flight testing
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- About the Companion Website -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Case Study: Supersonic Flight in the Bell XS‐1 -- 1.2 Types of Flight Testing -- 1.2.1 Scientific Research -- 1.2.2 Experimental Flight Test -- 1.2.3 Developmental Test and Evaluation -- 1.2.4 Operational Test and Evaluation -- 1.2.5 Airworthiness Certification -- 1.3 Objectives and Organization of this Book -- References -- Chapter 2 The Flight Environment: Standard Atmosphere -- 2.1 Earth's Atmosphere -- 2.2 Standard Atmosphere Model -- 2.2.1 Hydrostatics -- 2.2.2 Gravitational Acceleration and Altitude Definitions -- 2.2.3 Temperature -- 2.2.4 Viscosity -- 2.2.5 Pressure and Density -- 2.2.6 Operationalizing the Standard Atmosphere -- 2.2.7 Comparison with Experimental Data -- 2.3 Altitudes Used in Aviation -- References -- Chapter 3 Aircraft and Flight Test Instrumentation -- 3.1 Traditional Cockpit Instruments -- 3.1.1 Gyroscopic‐Based Instruments -- 3.1.2 Pressure‐Based Instruments -- 3.1.3 Outside Air Temperature -- 3.1.4 Other Instrumentation -- 3.2 Glass Cockpit Instruments -- 3.3 Flight Test Instrumentation -- 3.3.1 Global Navigation Satellite System -- 3.3.2 Accelerometers -- 3.3.3 Gyroscopes -- 3.3.4 Magnetometers -- 3.3.5 Barometer -- 3.3.6 Fusion of Sensor Data Streams -- 3.4 ; Summary -- References -- Chapter 4 Data Acquisition and Analysis -- 4.1 Temporal and Spectral Analysis -- 4.2 Filtering -- 4.3 Digital Sampling: Bit Depth Resolution and Sample Rate -- 4.4 Aliasing -- 4.5 Flight Testing Example -- 4.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 5 Uncertainty Analysis -- 5.1 Error Theory -- 5.1.1 Types of Errors -- 5.1.2 Statistics of Random Error -- 5.1.3 Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Propagation -- 5.1.4 Overall Uncertainty Estimate.; 5.1.5 Chauvenet's Criterion for Outliers -- 5.1.6 Monte Carlo Simulation -- 5.2 Basic Error Sources in Flight Testing -- 5.2.1 Uncertainty of Flight Test Instrumentation -- 5.2.2 Example: Uncertainty in Density (Traditional Approach) -- 5.2.3 Example: Uncertainty in True Airspeed (Monte Carlo Approach) -- References -- Chapter 6 Flight Test Planning -- 6.1 Flight Test Process -- 6.2 Risk Management -- 6.3 Case Study: Accept No Unnecessary Risk -- 6.4 Individual Flight Planning -- 6.4.1 Flight Area and Airspace -- 6.4.2 Weather and NOTAMs -- 6.4.3 Weight and Balance -- 6.4.4 Airplane Pre‐Flight -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Drag Polar Measurement in Level Flight -- 7.1 Theory -- 7.1.1 Drag Polar and Power Required for Level Flight -- 7.1.2 The PIW-VIW Method -- 7.1.3 Internal Combustion Engine Performance Additional details are available in an online supplement, "Basic Performance Prediction of Internal Combustion Engines." -- 7.1.4 Propeller Performance -- 7.2 Flight Testing Procedures -- 7.3 Flight Test Example: Cirrus SR20 -- References -- Chapter 8 Airspeed Calibration -- 8.1 Theory -- 8.1.1 True Airspeed -- 8.1.2 Equivalent Airspeed -- 8.1.3 Calibrated Airspeed -- 8.1.4 Indicated Airspeed -- 8.1.5 Summary -- 8.2 Measurement Errors -- 8.2.1 Instrument Error -- 8.2.2 System Lag -- 8.2.3 Position Error -- 8.3 Airspeed Calibration Methods -- 8.3.1 Boom‐Mounted Probes -- 8.3.2 Trailing Devices and Pacer Aircraft -- 8.3.3 Ground‐Based Methods -- 8.3.4 Global Positioning System Method -- 8.4 Flight Testing Procedures -- 8.5 Flight Test Example: Cirrus SR20 -- References -- Chapter 9 Climb Performance and Level Acceleration to Measure Excess Power -- 9.1 Theory -- 9.1.1 Steady Climbs -- 9.1.2 Energy Methods -- 9.2 Flight Testing Procedures -- 9.2.1 Direct Measurement of Rate of Climb -- 9.2.2 Measurement of Level Acceleration.; 9.3 Data Analysis -- 9.4 Flight Test Example: Cirrus SR20 -- References -- Chapter 10 Glide Speed and Distance -- 10.1 Theory -- 10.1.1 Drag Polar -- 10.1.2 Gliding Flight -- 10.1.3 Glide Hodograph -- 10.1.4 Best Glide Condition -- 10.2 Flight Testing Procedures -- 10.3 Data Analysis -- 10.4 Flight Test Example: Cirrus SR20 -- References -- Chapter 11 Takeoff and Landing -- 11.1 Theory -- 11.1.1 Takeoff Ground Roll -- 11.1.2 Landing Ground Roll -- 11.1.3 Rotation Distance -- 11.1.4 Transition Distance -- 11.1.5 Climb Distance -- 11.1.6 Total Takeoff and Landing Distances -- 11.1.7 Simple Estimations -- 11.2 Measurement Methods -- 11.3 Flight Testing Procedures -- 11.3.1 Standard Flight Procedures -- 11.3.2 Flight Test Procedures -- 11.3.3 Data Acquisition -- 11.3.4 Data Analysis -- 11.4 Flight Test Example: Cessna R182 -- References -- Chapter 12 Stall Speed -- 12.1 Theory -- 12.1.1 Viscous Boundary Layers -- 12.1.2 Flow Separation -- 12.1.3 Two‐Dimensional Stall Characteristics -- 12.1.4 Three‐Dimensional Stall Characteristics -- 12.1.5 Stall Control -- 12.1.6 Stall Prediction -- 12.2 Flight Testing Procedures -- 12.2.1 Flight Characteristics -- 12.2.2 Data Acquisition -- 12.3 Data Analysis -- 12.4 Flight Test Example: Cirrus SR20 -- References -- Chapter 13 Turning Flight -- 13.1 Theory -- 13.2 Flight Testing Procedures -- 13.2.1 Airworthiness Certification -- 13.2.2 Educational Flight Testing -- 13.2.3 Piloting -- 13.2.4 Instrumentation ; and Data Recording -- 13.3 Flight Test Example: Diamond DA40 -- References -- Chapter 14 Longitudinal Stability -- 14.1 Static Longitudinal Stability -- 14.1.1 Theory -- 14.1.2 Trim Condition -- 14.1.3 Flight Testing Procedures -- 14.1.4 Flight Test Example: Cirrus SR20 -- 14.2 Dynamic Longitudinal Stability -- 14.2.1 Theory -- 14.2.2 Flight Testing Procedures -- 14.2.3 Flight Test Example: Cirrus SR20.; References -- Chapter 15 Lateral‐Directional Stability -- 15.1 Static Lateral‐Directional Stability -- 15.1.1 Theory -- 15.1.2 Directional Stability -- 15.1.3 Lateral Stability -- 15.1.4 Flight Testing Procedures -- 15.1.5 Flight Testing Example: Cirrus SR20 -- 15.2 Dynamic Lateral‐Directional Stability -- 15.2.1 Theory -- 15.2.2 Flight Testing Procedures -- 15.2.3 Flight Test Example: Cirrus SR20 -- Nomenclature -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 16 UAV Flight Testing1 -- 16.1 Overview of Unmanned Aircraft -- 16.2 UAV Design Principles and Features -- 16.2.1 Types of Airframes -- 16.2.2 UAV System Architecture -- 16.2.3 Electric Propulsion -- 16.2.4 Command and Control (C2) Link -- 16.2.5 Autonomy -- 16.3 Flight Regulations -- 16.4 Flight Testing Principles -- 16.4.1 Air Data Instrumentation -- 16.4.2 UAV Flight Test Planning -- 16.4.3 Piloting for UAV Flight Testing -- 16.5 Flight Testing Examples with the Peregrine UAS -- 16.5.1 Overview of the Peregrine UAS -- 16.5.2 Propulsion System Characterization -- 16.5.3 Specific Excess Power: Level Acceleration and Rate of Climb -- 16.5.4 Glide Flight Tests -- 16.6 Flight Testing Examples with the Avanti UAS -- 16.6.1 Overview of the Avanti UAS -- 16.6.2 Coast‐Down Testing for the Drag Polar -- 16.6.3 Radio Range Testing -- 16.6.4 Assessment of Autonomous System Performance -- 16.7 Conclusion -- References -- Appendix A Standard Atmosphere Tables -- Appendix B Useful Constants and Unit Conversion Factors -- Reference -- Appendix C Stability and Control Derivatives for a Notional GA Aircraft -- Reference -- Index -- EULA.
• Sommario/riassunto: Introduction to Flight Testing provides a concise introduction to the basic flight testing methods employed on general aviation aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles for courses in aeronautical engineering. There is particular emphasis on the use of modern on-board instruments and inexpensive, off-the-shelf portable devices that make flight testing accessible to nearly any student.