| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9910787538303321 |
|
|
Autore |
Illick Joseph E. |
|
|
Titolo |
American Childhoods / / Joseph E. Illick |
|
|
|
|
|
Pubbl/distr/stampa |
|
|
Philadelphia : , : University of Pennsylvania Press, , [2013] |
|
©2002 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ISBN |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Descrizione fisica |
|
1 online resource (231 p.) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Disciplina |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Soggetti |
|
Children - History - United States |
Children - Social conditions - United States |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lingua di pubblicazione |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
|
|
|
|
|
Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
|
|
|
|
|
Note generali |
|
Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nota di contenuto |
|
Front matter -- Contents -- Preface -- Part I. Early America -- Chapter 1. American Indian Childhood -- Chapter 2. European American Childhood -- Chapter 3. African American Childhood -- Part II. Industrial America -- Chapter 4. Urban Middle-Class Childhood -- Chapter 5. Urban Working-Class Childhood -- Part III. Modern America -- 6. Suburban Childhood -- Chapter 7. Inner-City and Rural Childhoods -- Epilogue -- A Note on Sources -- Notes -- Index -- Acknowledgments |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sommario/riassunto |
|
Selected by Choice magazine as an Outstanding Academic Title The experiences of children in America have long been a source of scholarly fascination and general interest. In American Childhoods, Joseph Illick brings together his own extensive research and a synthesis of literature from a range of disciplines to present the first comprehensive cross-cultural history of childhood in America. Beginning with American Indians, European settlers, and African slaves and their differing perceptions of how children should be raised, American Childhoods moves to the nineteenth century and the rise of industrialization to introduce the offspring of the emerging urban middle and working classes. Illick reveals that while rural and working-class children continued to toil from an early age, as they had in the colonial period, childhood among the urban middle class became recognized as a distinct phase of life, with a continuing emphasis on gender |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
differences. Illick then discusses how the public school system was created in the nineteenth century to assimilate immigrants and discipline all children, and observes its major role in age-grouping children as well as drawing working-class youngsters from factories to classrooms. At the same time, such social problems as juvenile delinquency were confronted by private charities and, ultimately, by the state. Concluding his sweeping study, the author presents the progeny of suburban, inner-city, and rural Americans in the twentieth century, highlighting the growing disparity of opportunities available to children of decaying cities and the booming suburbs. Consistently making connections between economics, psychology, commerce, sociology, and anthropology, American Childhoods is rich with insight into the elusive world of children. Grounded firmly in social and cultural history and written in lucid, accessible prose, the book demonstrates how children's experiences have varied dramatically through time and across space, and how the idea of childhood has meant vastly different things to different groups in American society. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9910830472003321 |
|
|
Autore |
Grob Konrad |
|
|
Titolo |
Split and splitless injection for quantitative gas chromatography : concepts, processes, practical guidelines, sources of error / / Konrad Grob |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pubbl/distr/stampa |
|
|
Weinheim, [Germany] : , : Wiley-VCH, , 2001 |
|
©2001 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ISBN |
|
1-282-01033-6 |
9786612010330 |
3-527-61287-4 |
3-527-61288-2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Edizione |
[Fourth, completely revised edition.] |
|
|
|
|
|
Descrizione fisica |
|
1 online resource (482 p.) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Altri autori (Persone) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Disciplina |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Soggetti |
|
Gas chromatography - Methodology |
Sample introduction (Chemistry) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lingua di pubblicazione |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
|
|
|
|
|
Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note generali |
|
Description based upon print version of record. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nota di bibliografia |
|
Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nota di contenuto |
|
Split and Splitless Injection for Quantitative Gas Chromatography; Contents; A Syringe Injection into Hot Vaporizing Chambers; 1. Introduction; 1.1. Syringe Injection; 1.2. Sample Evaporation inside the Needle; 1.2.1. Inaccurate Sample Volume; 1.2.2. Discrimination against High Boilers; 1.2.3. Poor Reproducibility; 1.2.4. Degradation of Labile Solutes; 1.3. Conclusions; 1.3.1. Fast Autosampler?; 1.3.2. Suppressing Evaporation inside the Needle; 1.3.3. Thermospray; 2 . Syringes; 2.1. Plunger-in-Barrel Syringes; 2.1.1. Plungers; 2.1.2. Plunger Guides; 2.2. Plunger-in-Needle Syringes |
2.3. Syringe Needles2.3.1. Dimensions; 2.3.2. Needle Tips; 2.3.3. Fixed versus Removable Needles; 2.4. Cleaning of Syringes; 2.4.1. Basic Rules; 2.4.2. Cleaning Procedures; 2.4.3. Plugged Needles; 2.4.4. Blocked Plungers; 3 . Evaporation Inside the Needle; 3.1. The Three-Step Model; 3.2. Models of Evaporation inside the Needle; 3.2.1. Distillation from the Needle; 3.2.2. Gas Chromatography in the Needle; 3.2.3. Ejection from the Needle; 3.3. Conclusions Regarding Optimized Injection; 4 . How Much is Really Injected?; 4.1. Interpretations of ""Sample Volume"" |
4.2. Communicating ""Sample Volumes''4.3. Effects on Quantitative Analysis; 5 . Syringe Needle Handling Minimizing Discrimination; 5.1. Definitions of Techniques; 5.2. Experimental Determination of Losses in the Needle; 5.2.1. Method with Two Instruments; 5.2.2. Experiment with a Single Instrument; 5.2.3. Test During Routine Analysis; 5.3. Comparison of Needle Handling Techniques; 5.3.1. Filled Needle Injection; 5.3.2. Slow Injection; 5.3.3. Cool Needle Injection; 5.3.4. Hot Needle Injection; 5.3.5. Solvent Flush Injection; 5.3.6. Air Plug Injection; 5.3.7. Sandwich Injection |
5.4. Heating the Needle after Injection?5.5. Effect of Injecting Air; 5.5.1. Concerns Regarding the Column; 5.5.2. Detectors; 5.5.3. Oxidized Sample; 6 . Dependence of Discrimination on Sample Volume; 6.1. Experimental Results; 6.2. Discussion of Mechanism; 6.3. Conclusions; 7 . Solvent and Solutes; 7.1. Volatility of the Solvent; 7.2. Type of Solute; 7.3. Adsorption in the Syringe Needle; 7.4. ""Memory Effects"" Arising from the Syringe; 8 . Injector Temperature; 8.1. Imposed Temperature; 8.2. Temperature Gradient Towards the Septum; 8.2.1. Critical Rear of Needle |
8.2.2. Actual Temperature Profiles8.2.3. Effect on Discrimination; 8.2.4. Quantitative Results Differing from One Injector to Another; 8.2.5. Conclusions; 8.3. Themostability of Septa; 8.3.1. Upper Temperature Limit; 8.3.2. Some Tips; 9 . Plunger-in-Needle Syringes; 9.1. Accuracy of Sample Volume; 9.2. Premature Expulsion; 10 . Possibilities of Avoiding Evaporation in the Needle; 10.1. High Boiling Sample Matrix; 10.1.1. Injector Temperature versus Solvent Boiling Point; 10.1.2. Practical Aspects; 10.2. Cooled Septum; 10.3. Cooled Needle Technique; 10.4. Fast Injection by Autosampler |
10.5. Evaporation in the Injector |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sommario/riassunto |
|
This comprehensive and unique handbook of split and splitless injection techniques has been completely revised and updated. This new edition offers:- New insights concerning sample evaporation in the injector- Information about matrix effects- A new chapter on injector designThe real processes within the injector are for the first time visualized and explained by the CD-ROM included in the book. Furthermore the reader will understand the concepts of injection techniques and get a knowledge of the sources of error. The handbook |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
also includes many practical guidelines.<br |
|
|
|
|
|
| |