Organic redox chemistry : chemical, photochemical and electrochemical syntheses / / edited by Frederic William Patureau, Jun-ichi Yoshida

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910830458303321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Weinheim, Germany : , : Wiley-VCH, , [2022]; ©2022
• ISBN: 3-527-81567-8; 3-527-81570-8
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (248 pages)
• Disciplina: 547
• Soggetti: Oxidation-reduction reaction; Chemistry, Organic
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Includes index.
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Biography -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Chemical Oxidative C-C Bond Formation -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Oxidative Aryl-Alkenyl Bond Formation -- 1.2.1 Oxidative Mizoroki-Heck Reaction with Arylmetal Reagents -- 1.2.2 Direct Oxidative Mizoroki-Heck Reaction with Arene C-Hs (Fujiwara-Moritani Reaction) -- 1.3 Oxidative Aryl-Aryl Bond Formation -- 1.3.1 Oxidative C-H/C-M Biaryl Cross‐Coupling -- 1.3.2 Oxidative C-H/C-H Biaryl Cross‐Coupling -- 1.4 Oxidative Aryl-Alkynyl Bond Formation -- 1.5 Oxidative C-C Bond Formation at Csp3 Center -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Electrochemical Oxidative C-C Bond Formation -- 2.1 Electrochemical Oxidative Aryl-Aryl Cross‐Coupling Reaction -- 2.2 Electrochemical Oxidative Benzyl-Aryl Cross‐Coupling Reaction -- 2.3 Electrochemical Oxidative Arylation of Olefins -- 2.4 Electrochemical Oxidative Arylation of Alkynes -- 2.5 Electrochemical Oxidative Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling of C(sp3)-H and C(sp2)-H Bonds -- References -- Chapter 3 Fundamentals of Photochemical Redox Reactions -- 3.1 Introduction: A Brief History of Photochemistry -- 3.2 Photochemistry: Background and Theory -- 3.2.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum -- 3.2.2 Allowed and Forbidden Transitions -- 3.2.3 Photophysical Processes -- 3.2.3.1 Jablonski Diagrams -- 3.2.3.2 Absorption -- 3.2.3.3 Vibrational Relaxation -- 3.2.3.4 Internal ; Conversion -- 3.2.3.5 Fluorescence -- 3.2.3.6 Intersystem Crossing -- 3.2.3.7 Phosphorescence -- 3.2.4 Electron Transfers -- 3.2.4.1 Photoinduced Electron Transfer -- 3.2.4.2 Mechanisms of Electron Transfer -- 3.2.4.3 Marcus Theory -- 3.2.5 Laboratory Techniques for Studying Photoredox Processes -- 3.2.5.1 sUV-Visible Spectroscopy -- 3.2.5.2 Emission Spectroscopy -- 3.2.5.3 Transient Absorption Spectroscopy -- 3.2.5.4 Cyclic Voltammetry.; 3.2.6 Practical Considerations for Performing Photochemical Reactions -- 3.2.6.1 Factors Influencing Bimolecular Reactions -- 3.2.6.2 Photoreactor Design -- 3.2.6.3 Choice of Light Source -- 3.3 Photoredox Catalysis -- 3.3.1 General Mechanisms of Photocatalysis -- 3.3.2 Design Principles for Effective Photoredox Catalysts -- 3.3.2.1 Effective Absorption of Light -- 3.3.2.2 High Quantum Yield of Desired Excited State -- 3.3.2.3 Long‐Lived Excited State -- 3.3.2.4 Favorable Thermodynamics -- 3.3.2.5 Redox Reversibility -- 3.3.3 Inorganic Photocatalysts -- 3.3.4 Organic Excited‐State Oxidants -- 3.3.5 Organic Excited‐State Reductants -- 3.3.6 Open‐Shell Photoredox Catalysts -- 3.4 Photochemistry of Electron Donor-Acceptor Complexes -- 3.4.1 Background and Theory -- 3.4.1.1 What Is an EDA Complex? -- 3.4.1.2 How do EDA Complexes Interact with Light? -- 3.4.1.3 Electron Transfer in EDA Complexes -- 3.4.1.4 Environmental Factors Affecting EDA Complexes -- 3.4.2 Early Examples of EDA Photochemistry -- 3.4.3 Recent Examples of EDA Photochemistry -- 3.4.3.1 Rediscovering EDA Complexes through Photoredox Catalysis -- 3.4.3.2 Stoichiometric EDA Reactions -- 3.4.3.3 Use of Sacrificial Donors and Acceptors -- 3.4.3.4 Redox Auxiliaries to Expand Donor and Acceptor Scope -- 3.4.3.5 Catalytic EDA Reactions -- 3.4.3.6 Enantioselective Reactions of EDA Complexes -- 3.5 Concluding Thoughts -- Suggested Additional Reading -- Photochemistry and Photophysical Processes -- Electrochemical Methods -- Photoredox Catalysis -- Earth Abundant Metal Photoredox Catalysis -- EDA Complexes -- References -- Chapter 4 C-H Bond Functionalization with Chemical Oxidants -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 A Shift in the Rate‐Determining Step -- 4.1.2 The Nature of the Oxidant -- 4.2 Metal‐Based Oxidants and Other Inorganic Oxidants -- 4.2.1 Silver Salt Oxidants -- 4.2.2 Copper Salt Oxidants.; 4.2.3 Other Inorganic Oxidants -- 4.3 Organic Oxidants -- 4.3.1 Organic Peroxides -- 4.3.2 Quinones -- 4.4 Internal Oxidants (DGox) -- 4.5 Use of O2 as an Oxidant -- 4.6 Dehydrogenative Couplings with No Oxidant at All -- 4.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Electrochemical Reductive Transformations -- 5.1 General Characteristics of Electrochemical Reactions -- 5.2 Mechanism of Organic Electrochemical Reductions -- 5.3 Characteristics of Organic Electrochemical Reductions -- 5.3.1 Umpolung -- 5.3.2 Selectivity -- 5.3.2.1 Chemoselectivity -- 5.3.2.2 Reaction Pathway Selectivity -- 5.3.2.3 Regioselectivity -- 5.3.2.4 Stereoselectivity -- 5.3.2.5 Selectivity Depending on Electrode Materials -- 5.4 Electroauxiliaries -- 5.4.1 Electroauxiliaries Based on Readily Electron‐Transferable Functional Groups -- 5.4.2 Electroauxiliaries Based on Coordination Effects -- 5.5 Reaction Pattern of Organic Electrochemical Reductions -- 5.5.1 Transformation Type of Functional Group -- 5.5.2 Addition Type -- 5.5.3 Insertion Type -- 5.5.4 Substitution Type -- 5.5.5 Substitutive Exchange Type -- 5.5.6 Elimination Type -- 5.5.7 Dimerization Type -- 5.5.8 Crossed Dimerization -- 5.5.9 Cyclization Type -- 5.5.10 Polymorphism Formation Type -- 5.5.11 Polymerization Type -- 5.5.12 Cleavage Type -- 5.5.13 Metalation Type -- 5.5.14 Asymmetric Synthesis Type -- 5.6 Electrochemically Generated Reactive Species -- 5.6.1 Cathodically Generated Carbon Species -- 5.6.1.1 ; Reduction of Alkyl Halides -- 5.6.1.2 Reduction of Ketone and Imine -- 5.6.1.3 Reduction of Activated Olefin and Conjugated Olefin -- 5.6.1.4 Reduction of Active Hydrogen Compounds -- 5.6.1.5 Reduction of gem‐ and vic‐Dihalogeno Compounds -- 5.6.2 Cathodically Generated Heteroatom Species -- 5.6.2.1 Cathodically Generated Nitrogen Species -- 5.6.2.2 Reduction of Alcohol and Carboxylic Acid.; 5.6.2.3 14‐Family and 15‐Family Element Species -- 5.7 Advanced Methodology for Electrochemical Reductive Transformations -- 5.7.1 Electrocatalysis for Reductive Transformations -- 5.7.1.1 Direct and Indirect Electrochemical Reductions -- 5.7.1.2 Kinds of Mediators for Reductive Transformations -- 5.7.1.3 Electrorechemical Reductive Transformations Using Mediators -- 5.7.2 Electrogenerated Bases -- 5.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 Electrochemical Redox‐Mediated Polymer Synthesis -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers by Electrochemical Redox -- 6.2.1 Electrochemical Redox Behavior of Conducting Polymers -- 6.2.2 Oxidative Electropolymerization of Aromatic Monomers -- 6.2.3 Electrochemical Copolymer Synthesis -- 6.2.4 Reductive Electropolymerization of Aromatic Monomers -- 6.2.5 Polysilane Synthesis by Cathodic Reduction -- 6.2.6 Electropolymerization Under Nonconventional Conditions -- 6.3 Post‐Functionalization of Conducting Polymers by Electrochemical Redox -- 6.3.1 Functionalization of Conducting Polymers by Anodic Substitution -- 6.3.2 Cathodic Reduction and Paired Reactions -- 6.3.3 Functionalization of Polyaniline by the CRS Method -- 6.3.4 Oxidation‐Induced Intramolecular Cyclization of Conducting Polymer -- 6.3.5 Electrogenerated Transition‐Metal Catalysts for Post‐Functionalization -- 6.4 Synthesis of Nonconjugated Polymers by Electrochemical Redox -- 6.4.1 Electropolymerization of Electroactive Polymers -- 6.4.2 Electrochemical Redox‐Controlled Polymerization -- 6.4.3 Electrochemically Induced Film Formation via Crosslinking -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Chemical Paired Transformations -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Direct Arylation of Arenes with Aryl Halides -- 7.3 Electron‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Aryl Halides -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References.; Chapter 8 Photochemical Paired Transformations -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Basic Concepts for Photochemical Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) Process -- 8.2.1 Concept 1: Direct HAT by the Excited Photocatalyst -- 8.2.2 Concept 2: Indirect HAT Triggered by Photocatalysis -- 8.3 Asymmetric Radical Functionalization Associated with Direct HAT by Photocatalysts -- 8.3.1 Photocatalytic Functionalization of C(sp3)-H Bonds Based on Concept 1 -- 8.3.2 Asymmetric Transformations Based on Concept 1 -- 8.4 Asymmetric Radical Functionalization Associated with Indirect HAT Triggered by Photocatalysis -- 8.4.1 Photocatalytic Functionalization of C(sp3)-H Bonds Through 1,5‐Hydrogen Atom Transfer Processes -- 8.4.2 Asymmetric Transformations Based on Concept 2 -- 8.5 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 9 Paired Electrolysis -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Paired Electrolysis for Sequential Reactions at both Electrodes -- 9.2.1 Using an Undivided Cell -- 9.2.2 Using a Flow Cell -- 9.3 Paired Electrolysis with Two Different Reactions at both Electrodes -- 9.3.1 Using an Undivided Cell -- 9.3.2 Using a Divided Cell -- 9.3.3 Using a Flow Cell -- 9.4 Paired Electrolysis for Generation of Two Intermediates to Afford a Final Product by the Sequential Reaction -- 9.4.1 Using an Undivided Cell -- 9.4.2 Using a Divided Cell -- 9.4.3 Using a Flow Cell -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- Index -- EULA.

American Christianities : a history of dominance and diversity / / edited by Catherine A. Brekus and W. Clark Gilpin

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910954610003321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Chapel Hill, : University of North Carolina Press, c2011
• ISBN: 979-88-9313-348-6; 979-88-908837-1-1; 1-4696-0249-0; 0-8078-6914-7
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (545 p.)
• Altri autori (Persone): BrekusCatherine A; GilpinW. Clark
• Disciplina: 277.3/08; 277.308
• Soggetti: Christianity - United States
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: pt. 1. Christian diversity in America -- pt. 2. Practicing Christianity in America -- pt. 3. Christianity and American culture -- pt. 4. Christianity and the American nation.
• Sommario/riassunto: From the founding of the first colonies until the present, the influence of Christianity, as the dominant faith in American society, has extended far beyond church pews into the wider culture. Yet, at the same time, Christians in the United States have disagreed sharply about the meaning of their shared tradition, and, divided by denominational affiliation, race, and ethnicity, they have taken stances on every side of contested public issues from slavery to women's rights. This volume of twenty-two original essays, contributed by a group of prominent thinkers in American religious studies, provides a sophisticated understanding of both the diversity and the alliances among Christianities in the United States and the influences that have shaped churches and the nation in reciprocal ways. American Christianities explores this paradoxical dynamic of dominance and diversity that are the true marks of a faith too often perceived as homogeneous and monolithic. -- Publisher