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1. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9910465155403321 |
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Titolo |
Closing the feedback loop : can technology bridge the accountability gap? / / Björn-Sören Gigler and Savita Bailur, editors ; cover design, Debra Naylor ; foreword by Sanjay Pradhan, Rakesh Rajani |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Washington, District of Columbia : , : The World Bank, , 2014 |
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©2014 |
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ISBN |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (331 p.) |
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Collana |
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Directions in Development. Public Sector Governance |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Government accountability - Technological innovations |
Municipal services - Technological innovations |
Public administration - Technological innovations |
Transparency in government - Technological innovations |
Information technology - Political aspects |
County services - Technological innovations |
Electronic books. |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Note generali |
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Description based upon print version of record. |
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Nota di bibliografia |
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Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters. |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Front Cover; Contents; Foreword by Sanjay Pradhan; Foreword by Rakesh Rajani; Acknowledgments; About the Contributors; Abbreviations; Chapter 1 Introduction: The Potential for Empowerment through ICTs; Theories and Cases Presented in This Collection; Underlying Theories of Empowerment through ICTs; Figure 1.1 Assumed Relationship between Empowerment, Participation, Transparency, and Accountability; Figures; Figure 1.2 Assumed Impact of ICTs on Empowerment, Participation, Transparency, and Accountability; A Critical Analysis of Factors Influencing Empowerment through ICTs |
Figure 1.3 Questioned Relationships between Empowerment, Participation, Transparency, and AccountabilityA Framework for Analyzing Empowerment through ICTs; Figure 1.4 The STEP Framework; Note; References; Chapter 2 Informational Capabilities: The Missing Link for Understanding the Impact of ICT on Development; Introduction |
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to the Literature; The Capability Approach; Figure 2.1 The Concept of Informational Capabilities; Tables; Table 2.1 Empowerment through ICT Framework; Table 2.2 Dimensions of Stronger Individual Empowerment and Human Capabilities |
Table 2.3 Indicators for Stronger Social Capabilities for Community EmpowermentThe ICT Impact Chain; Figure 2.2 The ICT Impact Chain: A Five-Step Process; Conclusions; Notes; References; Chapter 3 New Routes to Governance: A Review of Cases in Participation, Transparency, and Accountability; Transparency, Accountability, and Participation: Assumptions and Critiques; Objectives and Approaches: An Analytical Structure for Case Studies; Table 3.1 Approaches of Existing Cases, by Goal and Method; Improved Public Service Delivery; New Spaces for Citizen Voices and Political Engagement |
Improved Budget TransparencyLower Levels of Corruption; Legislative Reform; Judicial Transparency and Accountability; Reaching Impact: Considerations for Achieving Accountability; Going Forward; Notes; References; Chapter 4 Interactive Community Mapping: Between Empowerment and Effectiveness; From Mapping to Interactive Community Mapping; The Elements of Interactive Community Mapping; A Framework for Effective Interactive Community Mapping; Figure 4.1 Continuum of Trade-Offs for ICM Projects; Figure 4.2 Framework for Successful ICM Interventions; Applying the Framework; Maps |
Map 4.1 Geo-Spatial Map of Kibera, KenyaMap 4.2 Information Layers on Map Kibera; Map 4.3 Voice of Kibera; Map 4.4 Tandale, Tanzania; Table 4.1 Enabling Factors: Map Kibera, Map Tandale, ICM in the Gulf of Mexico, and HOT in Indonesia; Figure 4.3 Continuum of Trade-Offs for the Four Projects; Conclusion; Notes; References; Chapter 5 The Role of Crowdsourcing for Better Governance in Fragile State Contexts; Crowdsourcing: A New Panacea for Social Accountability and Governance?; How Is Crowdsourcing Expected to Improve Governance?; Critical Success Factors of Crowdsourcing Systems |
Table 5.1 Effect Determination Matrix |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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This book is a collection of articles, written by both academics and practitioners as an evidence base for citizen engagement through information and communication technologies (ICTs). In it, the authors ask: how do ICTs empower through participation, transparency and accountability? Specifically, the authors examine two principal questions: Are technologies an accelerator to closing the ""accountability gap"" - the space between the supply (governments, service providers) and demand (citizens, communities, civil society organizations or CSOs) that requires bridging for open and collaborative |
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2. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9910829947303321 |
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Autore |
Martín Ferran <1965-> |
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Titolo |
Planar microwave sensors / / Ferran Martín [and three others] |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Hoboken, New Jersey : , : Wiley : , : IEEE Press, , [2023] |
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©2023 |
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ISBN |
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1-119-81106-6 |
1-119-81104-X |
1-119-81105-8 |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (483 pages) |
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Collana |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Nota di bibliografia |
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Includes bibliographical references and index. |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- List of Acronyms -- Chapter 1 Introduction to Planar Microwave Sensors -- 1.1 Sensor Performance Indicators, Classification Criteria, and General Overview of Sensing Technologies -- 1.1.1 Performance Indicators -- 1.1.2 Sensors' Classification Criteria -- 1.1.3 Sensing Technologies -- 1.1.3.1 Optical Sensors -- 1.1.3.2 Magnetic Sensors -- 1.1.3.3 Acoustic Sensors -- 1.1.3.4 Mechanical Sensors -- 1.1.3.5 Electric Sensors -- 1.2 Microwave Sensors -- 1.2.1 Remote Sensing: RADARs and Radiometers -- 1.2.2 Sensors for In Situ Measurement of Physical Parameters and Material Properties: Non-remote Sensors -- 1.2.2.1 Classification of Non-remote Microwave Sensors -- 1.2.2.2 Resonant Cavity Sensors -- 1.2.2.3 The Nicolson-Ross-Weir (NRW) Method -- 1.2.2.4 Coaxial Probe Sensors -- 1.2.2.5 Planar Sensors -- 1.3 Classification of Planar Microwave Sensors -- 1.3.1 Contact and Contactless Sensors -- 1.3.2 Wired and Wireless Sensors -- 1.3.3 Single-Ended and Differential-Mode Sensors -- 1.3.4 Resonant and Nonresonant Sensors -- 1.3.5 Reflective-Mode and Transmission-Mode Sensors -- 1.3.6 Sensor Classification by Frequency of Operation -- 1.3.7 Sensor Classification by Application -- 1.3.8 Sensor Classification by Working Principle -- 1.3.8.1 Frequency-Variation Sensors -- 1.3.8.2 Phase-Variation |
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Sensors -- 1.3.8.3 Coupling-Modulation Sensors -- 1.3.8.4 Frequency-Splitting Sensors -- 1.3.8.5 Differential-Mode Sensors -- 1.3.8.6 RFID Sensors -- 1.4 Comparison of Planar Microwave Sensors with Other Sensing Technologies -- References -- Chapter 2 Frequency-Variation Sensors -- 2.1 General Working Principle of Frequency-Variation Sensors -- 2.2 Transmission-Line Resonant Sensors -- 2.2.1 Planar Resonant Elements for Sensing. |
2.2.1.1 Semi-Lumped Metallic Resonators -- 2.2.1.2 Semi-Lumped Slotted Resonators -- 2.2.2 Sensitivity Analysis -- 2.2.3 Sensors for Dielectric Characterization -- 2.2.3.1 CSRR-Based Microstrip Sensor -- 2.2.3.2 DB-DGS-Based Microstrip Sensor -- 2.2.4 Measuring Material and Liquid Composition -- 2.2.5 Displacement Sensors -- 2.2.6 Sensor Arrays for Biomedical Analysis -- 2.2.7 Multifrequency Sensing for Selective Determination of Material Composition -- 2.3 Other Frequency-Variation Resonant Sensors -- 2.3.1 One-Port Reflective-Mode Submersible Sensors -- 2.3.2 Antenna-Based Frequency-Variation Resonant Sensors -- 2.4 Advantages and Drawbacks of Frequency-Variation Sensors -- References -- Chapter 3 Phase-Variation Sensors -- 3.1 General Working Principle of Phase-Variation Sensors -- 3.2 Transmission-Line Phase-Variation Sensors -- 3.2.1 Transmission-Mode Sensors -- 3.2.1.1 Transmission-Mode Four-Port Differential Sensors -- 3.2.1.2 Two-Port Sensors Based on Differential-Mode to Common-Mode Conversion Detectors and Sensitivity Enhancement -- 3.2.2 Reflective-Mode Sensors -- 3.2.2.1 Sensitivity Enhancement by Means of Step-Impedance Open-Ended Lines -- 3.2.2.2 Highly Sensitive Dielectric Constant Sensors -- 3.2.2.3 Displacement Sensors -- 3.2.2.4 Reflective-Mode Differential Sensors -- 3.3 Resonant-Type Phase-Variation Sensors -- 3.3.1 Reflective-Mode Sensors Based on Resonant Sensing Elements -- 3.3.2 Angular Displacement Sensors -- 3.3.2.1 Cross-Polarization in Split Ring Resonator (SRR) and Complementary SRR (CSRR) Loaded Lines -- 3.3.2.2 Slot-Line/SRR Configuration -- 3.3.2.3 Microstrip-Line/CSRR Configuration -- 3.4 Phase-Variation Sensors Based on Artificial Transmission Lines -- 3.4.1 Sensors Based on Slow-Wave Transmission Lines -- 3.4.1.1 Sensing Through the Host Line -- 3.4.1.2 Sensing Through the Patch Capacitors. |
3.4.2 Sensors Based on Composite Right-/Left-Handed (CRLH) Lines -- 3.4.3 Sensors Based on Electro-Inductive Wave (EIW) Transmission Lines -- 3.5 Advantages and Drawbacks of Phase-Variation Sensors -- References -- Chapter 4 Coupling-Modulation Sensors -- 4.1 Symmetry Properties in Transmission Lines Loaded with Single Symmetric Resonators -- 4.2 Working Principle of Coupling-Modulation Sensors -- 4.3 Displacement and Velocity Coupling-Modulation Sensors -- 4.3.1 One-Dimensional and Two-Dimensional Linear Displacement Sensors -- 4.3.2 Angular Displacement and Velocity Sensors -- 4.3.2.1 Axial Configuration and Analysis -- 4.3.2.2 Edge Configuration Electromagnetic Rotary Encoders -- 4.3.3 Electromagnetic Linear Encoders -- 4.3.3.1 Strategy for Synchronous Reading Quasi-Absolute Encoders -- 4.3.3.2 Application to Motion Control -- 4.4 Coupling-Modulation Sensors for Dielectric Characterization -- 4.5 Advantages and Drawbacks of Coupling-Modulation Sensors -- References -- Chapter 5 Frequency-Splitting Sensors -- 5.1 Working Principle of Frequency-Splitting Sensors -- 5.2 Transmission Lines Loaded with Pairs of Coupled Resonators -- 5.2.1 CPW Transmission Lines Loaded with a Pair of Coupled SRRs -- 5.2.2 Microstrip Transmission Lines Loaded with a Pair of Coupled CSRRs -- 5.2.3 Microstrip Transmission Lines Loaded with a Pair of Coupled SIRs -- 5.3 Frequency-Splitting Sensors Based on Cascaded Resonators -- |
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5.4 Frequency-Splitting Sensors Based on the Splitter/Combiner Configuration -- 5.4.1 CSRR-Based Splitter/Combiner Sensor: Analysis and Application to Dielectric Characterization of Solids -- 5.4.2 Microfluidic SRR-Based Splitter/Combiner Frequency-Splitting Sensor -- 5.5 Other Approaches for Coupling Cancelation in Frequency-Splitting Sensors -- 5.5.1 MLC-Based Frequency-Splitting Sensor. |
5.5.2 SRR-Based Frequency-Splitting Sensor Implemented in Microstrip Technology -- 5.6 Other Frequency-Splitting Sensors -- 5.6.1 Frequency-Splitting Sensors Operating in Bandpass Configuration -- 5.6.2 Frequency-Splitting Sensors for Two-Dimensional Alignment and Displacement Measurements -- 5.7 Advantages and Drawbacks of Frequency-Splitting Sensors -- References -- Chapter 6 Differential-Mode Sensors -- 6.1 The Differential-Mode Sensor Concept -- 6.2 Differential Sensors Based on the Measurement of the Cross-Mode Transmission Coefficient -- 6.2.1 Working Principle -- 6.2.2 Examples and Applications -- 6.2.2.1 Microfluidic Sensor Based on Open Complementary Split-Ring Resonators (OCSRRs) and Application to Complex Permittivity and Electrolyte Concentration Measurements in Liquids -- 6.2.2.2 Microfluidic Sensor Based on SRRs and Application to Electrolyte Concentration Measurements in Aqueous Solutions -- 6.2.2.3 Microfluidic Sensor Based on DB-DGS Resonators and Application to Electrolyte Concentration Measurements in Aqueous Solutions -- 6.2.2.4 Prototype for Measuring Electrolyte Content in Urine Samples -- 6.3 Reflective-Mode Differential Sensors Based on the Measurement of the Cross-Mode Reflection Coefficient -- 6.4 Other Differential Sensors -- 6.5 Advantages and Drawbacks of Differential-Mode Sensors -- References -- Chapter 7 RFID Sensors for IoT Applications -- 7.1 Fundamentals of RFID -- 7.2 Strategies for RFID Sensing -- 7.2.1 Chip-Based RFID Sensors -- 7.2.1.1 Electronic Sensors -- 7.2.1.2 Electromagnetic Sensors -- 7.2.2 Chipless-RFID Sensors -- 7.2.2.1 Time-Domain Sensors -- 7.2.2.2 Frequency-Domain Sensors -- 7.3 Materials and Fabrication Techniques -- 7.4 Applications -- 7.4.1 Healthcare, Wearables, and Implants -- 7.4.2 Food, Smart Packaging, and Agriculture. |
7.4.3 Civil Engineering: Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) -- 7.4.4 Automotive Industry, Smart Cities, and Space -- 7.5 Commercial Solutions, Limitations, and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 8 Comparative Analysis and Concluding Remarks -- Index -- EULA. |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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"This book focuses on planar microwave sensors, and discusses the main relevant sensing strategies, working principles, and applications, on the basis of the authors' own experience and background, while highlighting the most relevant contributions to the topic reported by international research groups. The authors provide an overview of planar microwave sensors grouped by chapters according to their working principle. Thus, after a brief introductory chapter devoted to comparing different technologies for sensing, and highlighting the advantages and limitations of microwave sensors, particularly planar sensors. In each chapter, the working principle is explained in detail, and the specific sensor design strategies are discussed, including validation examples at both simulation and experimental level. The most suited applications in each case are also reported. The necessary theory and analysis for sensor design are also provided, with special emphasis on performance improvement (i.e., sensitivity and resolution optimization, dynamic range, etc.)."-- |
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