Handbook of comparative and historical Indo-European linguistics / / edited by Jared Klein, Brian Joseph, Matthias Fritz ; in cooperation with Mark Wenthe

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910827588803321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Berlin, [Germany] ; ; Boston, [Massachusetts] : , : De Gruyter Mouton, , 2017; ©2017
• ISBN: 3-11-052175-X; 3-11-052387-6
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (1,396 pages) : illustrations (some color)
• Collana: Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft, , 1861-5090 ; ; Band 41.2
• Classificazione: EU 700
• Disciplina: 415
• Soggetti: Indo-European languages - Grammar, Comparative; Indo-European languages - Grammar, Historical
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: Frontmatter -- Contents -- 46. The documentation of Italic -- 47. The phonology of Italic -- 48. The morphology of Italic -- 49. The syntax of Italic -- 50. The lexicon of Italic -- 51. The dialectology of Italic -- 52. The evolution of Italic -- 53. The documentation of Germanic -- 54. The phonology of Germanic -- 55. The morphology of Germanic -- 56. The syntax of Germanic -- 57. The lexicon of Germanic -- 58. The dialectology of Germanic -- 59. The evolution of Germanic -- 60. The documentation of Armenian -- 61. The phonology of Classical Armenian -- 62. The morphology of Armenian -- 63. The syntax of Classical Armenian -- 64. The lexicon of Armenian -- 65. The dialectology of Armenian -- 66. The evolution of Armenian -- 67. The documentation of Celtic -- 68. The phonology of Celtic -- 69. The morphology of Celtic -- 70. The syntax of Celtic -- 71. The lexicon of Celtic -- 72. The dialectology of Celtic -- 73. The evolution of Celtic -- 74. The documentation of Tocharian -- 75. The phonology of Tocharian -- 76. The morphology of Tocharian -- 77. The syntax of Tocharian -- 78. The lexicon of Tocharian -- 79. The dialectology of Tocharian
• Sommario/riassunto: This book presents the most comprehensive coverage of the field of Indo-European Linguistics in a century, focusing on the entire Indo-European family and treating each major branch and most minor languages. The collaborative work of 120 scholars from 22 countries, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics combines the exhaustive coverage of an encyclopedia with the in-depth treatment of individual monographic studies.

Measurement of Nonlinear Ultrasonic Characteristics / / edited by Kyung-Young Jhang, Cliff J. Lissenden, Igor Solodov, Yoshikazu Ohara, Vitalyi Gusev

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910373957103321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Singapore : , : Springer Singapore : , : Imprint : Springer, , 2020
• ISBN: 981-15-1461-5
• Edizione: [1st ed. 2020.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (X, 287 p.)
• Collana: Springer Series in Measurement Science and Technology, , 2198-7807
• Disciplina: 620.11274
• Soggetti: Physical measurements; Measurement; Materials science; Acoustics; Measurement Science and Instrumentation; Characterization and Evaluation of Materials
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di contenuto: Preface -- Chapter 1. Overviews: Nonlinear Ultrasonic Characteristics and Measurands -- Chapter 2. Elastic Nonlinearity induced Nonlinear Ultrasonic Characteristics -- 2.1 Higher Harmonics (HH) Generation,-2.2 Nonlinear Ultrasonic Parameters -- 2.2.1 Absolute Nonlinear Ultrasonic Parameter -- 2.2.2 Relative Nonlinear Ultrasonic Parameter -- 2.3 Measurement of Nonlinear Ultrasonic Parameter -- 2.3.1 Capacitive Detection and Laser-interferometric Detection -- 2.3.2 Piezo-electric Detection -- 2.3.3 Control of Propagation Distance and ; Control of Incident Wave Power -- 2.3.4 Phase Inversion Technique -- 2.4 Factors Affecting to Measurement Reliability -- 2.4.1 Measurement System: Transducer, Input Power, Contact Pressure, Electronic Equipment -- 2.4.2 Digital Signal Processings: Bandwidth of Incident Wave, Time Resolution, Amplitude Resolution -- 2.5 Applications to Assessment of Material Damage -- 2.5.1 Fatigue Damage -- 2.5.2 Plastic Deformation -- 2.5.3 Thermal Aging -- References -- Chapter 3. Nonlinear Acoustic Wave Interactions with Contact Interfaces: Methodologies and Applications -- 3.1. Nonlinear Reflection Approach to Interface Nonlinearity -- 3.1.1 Nonlinear acoustic reflection at an ideally bonded interface -- 3.2.1 Application of Reflection Concept to Nonlinear Interface Wave Propagation -- 3.3.1 Second Harmonic Generation of Interface Acoustic Waves -- 3.2. Acoustic Nonlinearity of a Non-Bonded Interface -- 3.2.1 Phenomenology of Contact Acoustic Nonlinearity (CAN) -- 3.2.2 Higher Harmonics (HH) Generation at Contact Interfaces -- 3.2.3 Nonlinear Acoustic Reflection by Fractured Defects -- 3.2.4 Acoustic Rectification and Nonlinear Polarization Effects via CAN -- 3.3. Non-Classical Nonlinear Effects in Resonant Contact Inclusions -- 3.3.1 Concept of Local Defect Resonance -- 3.3.2 Sub- and Super-harmonic Resonances -- 3.3.3 Nonlinear Parametric Instability Effects -- 3.4. Applications for Nonlinear Imaging of Defects -- 3.4.1 Nonlinear Scanning Laser Vibrometry -- 3.4.2 Nonlinear Air-Coupled Emission (NACE) -- 3.4.3 Case Studies of Nonlinear Imaging of Defects -- References -- Chapter 4. Nonlinear Ultrasonic Phased Array for Measurement of Closed-Crack Depth -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Harmonics -- 4.2.1. Principles -- 4.2.2. Experimental conditions -- 4.2.3. Imaging results -- 4.3. Parallel and sequential transmission -- 4.3.1. Principles -- 4.3.2. Experimental conditions -- 4.3.3. Imaging results -- 4.4. Full-, odd- and even-elements transmission -- 4.4.1. Principles -- 4.4.2. Experimental conditions -- 4.4.3. Imaging results -- 4.5. Utilization of thermal stress -- 4.5.1. Principles -- 4.5.2. Experimental conditions -- 4.5.3. Imaging results -- References -- Chapter 5. Nonlinear Guided Waves -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Background on guided wave propagation -- 5.3. Self Interaction -- 5.3.1. Basic principles -- 5.3.2. Lamb waves in plate -- 5.3.3. Shear horizontal waves in plate -- 5.3.4. Axisymmetric waves in pipe -- 5.3.5. Flexural waves in pipe -- 5.4. Mutual interaction in plate -- 5.4.1. Basic principles -- 5.4.2. Collinear waves -- 5.4.3. Non-collinear waves -- 5.5. Actuation of primary waves and reception of secondary waves -- 5.5.1. Actuation of Lamb and L(0,n) waves -- 5.5.2. Actuation of SH and T(0,n) waves -- 5.5.3. Reception -- 5.5.4. Effects of diffraction -- 5.6. Signal processing -- 5.6.1. Fast Fourier transform -- 5.6.2. Phase inversion -- 5.7. Measurement considerations -- 5.7.1. Measurement nonlinearities -- 5.7.2. Material nonlinearity -- 5.7.3. Contact acoustic nonlinearity -- 5.7.4. Measuring progressive degradation -- References -- Chapter 6. Nonlinear Frequency-Mixing Photoacoustic Characterization of a Crack -- 6.1. Introduction in nonlinear photoacoustics -- 6.1.1. An overview of NDT methods combining laser optics with nonlinear acoustics -- 6.1.2. Generation of the thermo-elastic stresses and of acoustic waves by modulation of cw-laser radiation -- 6.1.3. Influence of stationary laser heating on a crack -- 6.2. Nonlinear frequency-mixing photo-acoustic method for crack detection -- 6.2.1. Principle of the method -- 6.2.2. One dimensional imaging of a crack -- 6.2.3. Two-dimensional imaging of a crack -- 6.2.4. Role of classical and nonclassical nonlinearities -- 6.3. Breathing and spatial resolution evolution with experimental parameters -- 6.3.1. Influence of the probe power -- 6.3.2. Influence of the pump power -- 6.3.3. Influence of the local crack parameters -- ; 6.4. Towards quantitative evaluation of local crack parameters -- 6.4.1. Experimental observations -- 6.4.2. Theoretical model,-6.4.3. Extraction of crack parameters,-References.
• Sommario/riassunto: Conventional ultrasonic methods based on ultrasonic characteristics in the linear elastic region are mainly sensitive to mature defects but are much less responsive to micro-damage or incipient material degradation. Recently, nonlinear ultrasonic characteristics beyond the linear ultrasonic amplitude range have been studied as a method for overcoming this limitation, and hence, many researchers are engaged in theoretical, experimental, and various application studies. However, the nonlinear ultrasonic characteristics are quite exacting compared to the linear phenomena so that they require vast experience and high proficiency in order to obtain proper experimental data. Actually, many researchers, especially beginners including graduate students, have difficulty in reliably measuring nonlinear ultrasonic characteristics. This book provides key technological know-how from experts with years of experience in this field, which will help researchers and engineers to obtain a clear understanding and high quality data in the nonlinear ultrasonic experiments and applications.