Learning to predict climate variations associated with El Nino and the southern oscillation : accomplishments and legacies of the TOGA program / / Advisory Panel for the Tropical Oceans and Global Atmosphere Program (TOGA Panel), Climate Research Committee, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources, National Research Council

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910827544503321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1996
• ISBN: 0-309-17609-3; 1-280-19280-1; 9786610192809; 0-309-58851-0; 0-585-14458-3
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (187 p.)
• Disciplina: 551.5/24642
• Soggetti: Climatic changes - Forecasting; Southern oscillation; El Nino Current
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-164).
• Nota di contenuto: Learning to Predict Climate Variations Associated with El Nino and the Southern Oscillation -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- CONTENTS -- SUMMARY -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- EL NINO AND THE SOUTHERN OSCILLATION (ENSO) -- CONCEPT OF THE TOGA PROGRAM -- PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT -- 2. GROWTH OF THE TOGA PROGRAM -- ENSO: A COUPLED OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE PHENOMENON -- EMERGENCE OF A COHERENT EFFORT (1970-1984) -- DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOGA PROGRAM -- SCIENTIFIC PLAN FOR TOGA (1985) -- 3. COMPONENTS OF THE U.S. TOGA PROGRAM -- OBSERVATIONS OF ENSO -- TOGA Observing System -- Volunteer Observing Ships -- Surface Drifters -- Tide-Gauge Network -- TAO Array -- Satellite Observations -- Observing the Atmosphere and Ocean for TOGA -- Sea Surface Temperature -- Surface Wind and Stress -- Subsurface Temperature. ; -- Sea Level -- Heat and Moisture Fluxes -- Upper-Air Observations -- Other Quantities -- PROCESS STUDIES -- Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) -- Central Pacific Experiment (CEPEX) -- Australian Monsoon Experiment (AMEX) / Equatorial Monsoon Experiment (EMEX) -- Line Islands Array (LIA) -- Tropic Heat -- Tropic Heat II -- Tropical Instability Wave Experiment (TIWE). -- North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) Study -- Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Circulation Study (WEPOCS) -- Western Tropical Atlantic Experiment (WESTRAX) -- Equatorial Pacific Experiment (EqPac) -- MODELING ENSO -- Ocean Models -- Atmospheric Models -- Coupled Models -- PREDICTION -- TOGA PRODUCTS -- Reanalysis -- TOGA CD-ROM Project -- PROBLEMS AND SHORTCOMINGS -- 4. WHAT WE'VE LEARNED -- OBSERVATIONS OF ENSO IN THE TROPICAL PACIFIC -- Climatologies -- Evolution of Warm and Cold Events -- The Warming During 1990-1994 -- EFFECTS OF ENSO ON THE REST OF THE GLOBE -- Tropics -- Middle Latitudes -- ENSO and the Asian-Australian Monsoon -- Carbon Dioxide and ENSO.; THEORIES OF ENSO -- The Mechanism of ENSO -- Irregularity of ENSO -- Annual Cycle and ENSO -- Optimal Growth of Disturbances and ENSO Predictability -- WORKING IN A LARGER COMMUNITY -- 5. ORGANIZATION -- U.S. ORGANIZATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS -- NRC's TOGA Panel -- Interagency Coordination of Resources -- TOGA Project Office -- Science Working Groups -- Coordination with International TOGA -- INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS -- TOGA as an Integral Part of the WCRP -- Scientific Steering Group (SSG) -- International Project Office -- Intergovernmental TOGA Board -- 6. APPLICATIONS OF ENSO PREDICTION -- DEVELOPMENT OF APPLICATIONS AND ASSESSMENTS -- APPLICATIONS OF REGIONAL ENSO FORECASTS -- Peru -- Northeast Brazil -- Australia -- Asia -- Other Foreign Regions -- United States -- 7. THE FUTURE -- WHAT TOGA DIDN'T DO -- OBSTACLES TO PROGRESS -- Compartmentalization -- Building and Maintaining the Infrastructure -- AN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR CLIMATE PREDICTION (IRICP) -- GOALS AND CLIVAR -- REFERENCES -- APPENDICES -- A. MEMBERS OF THE TOGA PANEL -- B. TOGA PRODUCTS -- C. ACRONYMS AND OTHER ABBREVIATIONS.