Arsenic in drinking water : 2001 update / / subcommittee to update the 1999 arsenic in drinking water report, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910827410603321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Washington, DC, : National Academy Press, c2001
• ISBN: 0-309-17043-5; 1-280-18421-3; 9786610184217; 0-309-56570-7
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (241 p.)
• Soggetti: Drinking water - Contamination - United States; Drinking water - Arsenic content; Arsenic - Toxicology - United States; Arsenic - Environmental aspects
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: Arsenic in Drinking Water -- Copyright -- OTHER REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY -- Preface -- Contents -- Summary -- CHARGE TO THE SUBCOMMITTEE -- THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S APPROACH TO ITS CHARGE -- THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S EVALUATION -- Epidemiological (Human) Studies -- Metabolism and Mode-of-Action Studies -- Variability and Uncertainty in an Arsenic Risk Assessment -- Quantitative Evaluation of Arsenic Toxicity -- Research Needs -- OVERALL CONCLUSIONS -- 1 Introduction -- SUMMARY OF THE NRC'S 1999 ARSENIC IN DRINKING WATER REPORT -- POLICY BACKGROUND -- Summary of EPA's Actions -- CHARGE TO THE SUBCOMMITTEE -- ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT -- REFERENCES -- 2 Human Health Effects -- SUMMARY OF HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS DISCUSSED IN THE 1999 REPORT -- RECENT STUDIES OF NONCANCER EFFECTS IN HUMANS -- Cardiovascular Effects -- Dermal Effects -- Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- Neurological Effects -- ; Respiratory Effects -- Hepatotoxic Effects -- Hematological Effects -- Diabetes -- RECENT STUDIES OF CANCER EFFECTS IN HUMANS -- General Issues with Exposure Measurement -- Chiou et al. 2001 Study -- Ferreccio et al. 2000 Study -- Lewis et al. 1999 Study -- Tsai et al. 1999 Study -- Kurttio et al. 1999 Study -- Karagas et al. 2001 Study -- Tucker et al. 2001 Study -- LATENCY PERIOD -- ESSENTIALITY -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Experimental Studies -- SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES DISCUSSED IN THE 1999 REPORT -- TOXICOKINETICS -- Methylation of Arsenic -- Species Differences in the Methylation of Arsenic -- Tissue Differences in the Methylation of Arsenic -- Induction of Arsenic Methyltransferases -- Trivalent Methylated Arsenic Metabolites -- ANIMAL TOXICITY STUDIES -- Animal Bioassays -- Species Differences in Toxicity -- Developmental Toxicity Studies -- MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY.; Relative Toxicity of Different Forms of Arsenic -- Induction of Mutations and Chromosomal Abberations -- Alterations in Signal Transduction, Cell-Cycle Control, Differentiation, and Apoptosis -- Cell Signaling -- Apoptosis, Cytotoxicity, and Anticancer Activity -- Induction of Oxidative Stress -- Alterations in Gene Expression -- Resistance and Tolerance to Arsenic Cytotoxicity -- Implications of Mode-of-Action Studies of Arsenic in Drinking Water to Human Carcinogenesis -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4 Variability and Uncertainty -- VARIABILITY VERSUS UNCERTAINTY -- VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTIES DISCUSSED IN THE 1999 REPORT -- SOURCES OF VARIABILITY -- Exposure -- Per Capita Water Consumption -- Water Consumption in the U.S. Population -- Water Consumption in the Taiwanese Study Population -- Consideration of Infants and Children -- Susceptibility from Exposure Differences -- Intrinsic Susceptibility -- Variability in Arsenic Metabolism -- Genetic Polymorphisms Related to Arsenic Metabolism -- Population Variations in Arsenic Metabolism -- Interindividual Variation in Arsenic Metabolism -- Effect of Dose on Arsenic Methylation -- Effect of Other Chemicals on Arsenic Methylation -- Metabolic Variability, Tissue Retention, and Health Effects -- SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY -- Dose Metrics and Model Uncertainty -- Exposure to Arsenic in Food and Effect of Diet and Nutrition -- Other Uncertainties -- VALUE-OF-INFORMATION APPROACH -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Quantitative Assessment of Risks Using Modeling Approaches -- OVERVIEW OF THE SCIENCE UNDERLYING EPA'S 2001 PROPOSED REGULATION -- Hazard Identification -- Choice of End Point -- Dose-Response Modeling -- Model Choice and Selection of a Comparison Group -- Adjustments for Water Intake -- Adjustments for Dietary Intake of Arsenic.; Adjustments for Mortality Versus Incidence -- OVERVIEW OF THE SAB'S REPORT ON THE 2001 RISK ASSESSMENT -- Inorganic Arsenic As Principal Form of Arsenic Causing Health Effects -- Implications of Exposure to Natural Arsenic Through Food -- Health Advisory on Low-Arsenic Water and Infant Formula -- SAB's Comments on EPA's Interpretation of the NRC Report -- THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S EVALUATION -- Choice of End Point and Study -- Quantitative Risk Estimates -- BEIR IV -- Statistical Analyses and Dose-Response Modeling -- Model Choice -- Use of a Comparison Population -- Functional Form of Dose-Response Relationship -- Impact of Dietary Intake of Arsenic -- Impact of Variability in Drinking-Water Intake -- Effects of Exposure-Measurement Error -- Mortality Versus Incidence -- Calculated Risk Estimates -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- ; REFERENCES -- 6 Hazard Assessment -- FINDINGS OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE -- COMPARISONS OF RESULTS OF DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENTS -- Estimates of Effective Dose for a 1% Response: ED01 -- Cancer Risk Estimates -- PLAUSIBILITY OF CANCER RISK ESTIMATES -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES.