Nutritional needs in cold and in high-altitude environments : applications for military personnel in field operations / / Committee on Military Nutrition Research, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine ; Bernadette M. Marriott and Sydne J. Carlson, editors

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910825907003321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Washington, D.C., : National Academy Press, 1996
• ISBN: 0-309-17559-3; 1-280-21081-8; 9786610210817; 0-309-55677-5; 0-585-09842-5
• Edizione: [1st ed.]
• Descrizione fisica: xv, 568 p. : ill
• Altri autori (Persone): MarriottBernadette M; NewberrySydne J
• Disciplina: 613.2
• Soggetti: Nutrition - Requirements; Cold - Physiological effect; Altitude, Influence of; Soldiers - Nutrition - Requirements
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Proceedings of a workshop sponsored by the Committee on Military Nutrition Research of the Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Nutritional Needs In Cold And In High-Altitude Environments -- Copyright -- Preface -- FOCUS OF THE REPORT -- HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE -- COMMITTEE TASK AND PROCEDURES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Contents -- I COMMITTEE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- 1 A Review of the Physiology and Nutrition in Cold and in High-Altitude Environments by the Committee on Military Nutrition… -- PROJECT OVERVIEW -- THE COMMITTEE'S TASK -- MILITARY RESEARCH, COMMAND ISSUES, AND RATIONS FOR COLD AND FOR HIGH-ALTITUDE ENVIRONMENTS -- THE COLD ENVIRONMENT -- PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE COLD -- Basic Physiology of Cold Exposure -- Peripheral Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation -- Metabolic ; Heat Production -- Cardiac Responses -- Effect of Gender -- Effect of Age -- Other Factors -- Central Nervous System Function and Sleep -- The Role of the Central Nervous System and Sleep during Cold Stress -- Stages of Sleep -- Interrelation of Sleep and Temperature Regulation -- Sleep and Temperature Regulation in Humans -- Thermoregulation and Physical Performance -- Drug-Induced Delay of Hypothermia -- CHANGES IN NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR COLD ENVIRONMENTS -- Fluid Balance -- Mechanisms of Cold-Induced Diuresis -- Other Causes of Cold-Induced Losses of Body Water -- Performance Decrements Caused by Cold-Induced Dehydration -- Macronutrients -- Energy Sources -- Protein -- Vitamins -- Minerals -- APPETITE AND BEHAVIOR CHANGES IN THE COLD -- THE HIGH-ALTITUDE ENVIRONMENT -- PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES AT HIGH ALTITUDES -- Basic Physiology of High-Altitude Exposure -- Biophysical Realities of High Altitudes -- Physiological Responses at High Altitudes -- Water Balance at High Altitudes -- Acclimatization to High Altitudes -- Altitude-Induced Illness -- Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) -- Subacute Mountain Sickness -- High-Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE) -- High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE).; Weight Loss at High Altitudes -- Effects of Age and Gender on Response to Altitude -- CHANGES IN NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS AT HIGH ALTITUDES -- Macronutrients -- Energy Sources -- Protein -- Vitamins -- Minerals -- APPETITE AND BEHAVIOR CHANGES AT HIGH ALTITUDES -- Mental Response to High Altitudes -- The Effect of Altitude on Cognitive Performance and Mood States -- Food Components that May Enhance Mental Performance at High Altitudes and in the Cold -- Military Considerations -- INTERACTIONS OF COLD AND HIGH ALTITUDES -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 2 Committee on Military Nutrition Research Recommendations and Conclusions -- ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS POSED BY THE ARMY -- Performance -- Health and Medical Aspects -- Thermoregulation and Acclimatization -- Nutritional Requirements -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Water and Dehydration -- Energy and Specific Nutrients -- Education and Logistics -- AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH -- Water and Dehydration -- Energy -- Specific Nutrients -- Performance and Medical Conditions -- Military Ration Development and Guidance -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- II BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC -- 3 Cold-Weather and High-Altitude Nutrition: Overview of the Issues -- INTRODUCTION -- PREVIOUS SYMPOSIA -- PREVIOUS MILITARY RESEARCH: THE POLE MOUNTAIN WYOMING WINTER PROJECT -- GOALS OF THE 1993 WORKSHOP AND THIS BOOK -- AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 4 Leadership Insights for Military Operations in Cold Weather and at High Altitudes -- INTRODUCTION -- THE MIND AND LEADERSHIP -- DIET -- MEDICAL CASUALTIES -- TRAINING TROOPS -- PHYSICAL CONDITION OF TROOPS -- CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT -- AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS -- 5 Cold-Weather Field Feeding: Military Rations -- INTRODUCTION -- MILITARY RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES FOR COLD WEATHER -- MILITARY RATIONS USED IN COLD WEATHER -- Group Feeding Rations -- Tray Pack.; Individually Packaged Rations -- Meal, Ready-to-Eat -- Ration, Cold Weather -- Long-Range Patrol, Improved -- SELECTING A MILITARY RATION FOR COLD-WEATHER OPERATIONS -- AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 Feeding the U.S. Army Sixth Infantry Division (Light) in the Cold -- INTRODUCTION -- THE U.S. ARMY FAMILY OF RATIONS -- EQUIPMENT PROBLEMS: THE MOBILE KITCHEN TRAILER -- AN EQUIPMENT SOLUTION: THE KITCHEN COMPANY LEVEL FIELD FEEDING EQUIPMENT -- THE U.S. ARMY FIELD FEEDING SYSTEM -- ; SUMMARY -- AUTHOR'S RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- II Discussion -- III THE COLD ENVIRONMENT -- 7 Physiology of Cold Exposure -- INTRODUCTION -- HUMAN HEAT BALANCE IN THE COLD -- Biophysical Factors -- Physiological Responses -- Vasomotor Responses -- Metabolic Responses -- Energy Substrate Utilization -- Effects of Exercise on Thermoregulation in the Cold -- Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise in the Cold -- Influence of Cold on Muscle Energy Metabolism -- INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS MODIFYING HUMAN HEAT BALANCE IN THE COLD -- Anthropometry -- Physical Fitness -- Age and Gender -- Acclimatization -- AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 8 Military Schedules vs. Biological Clocks -- INTRODUCTION -- BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS: FROM MINUTES TO YEARS -- DIFFERENT CIRCADIAN CLOCKS: SLEEP/WAKEFULNESS AND BODY TEMPERATURE -- Sleep/Wakefulness -- Thermal Regulation in the Cold -- Sleep and Core Temperature -- External Temperatures and Sleep -- Sleep and Nutrition -- THE REAL WORLD: MILITARY OPERATIONS AND TRAINING -- Technology to the Rescue: Antiquity to the Present -- The Challenge: Field Studies in Bosnia -- AUTHORS' CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 9 Influence of Cold Stress on Human Fluid Balance -- INTRODUCTION -- Military Situation Regarding Fluid Balance in the Cold -- Body Fluid States -- FACTORS CAUSING DEHYDRATION -- Cold-Induced Diuresis.; Respiratory Water Losses -- Cold-Weather Clothing -- Metabolic Cost of Movement in Cold Terrain -- Reduced Fluid Intake -- Fluid Delivery -- Frozen Drinking Water -- Inadequate Drinking -- Fluid in Cold-Weather Rations -- Summary -- MILITARY IMPACT AND SIGNIFICANCE OF DEHYDRATION IN THE COLD -- Dehydration Effects on Physical and Cognitive Performance -- Dehydration and Thermoregulation -- Dehydration and Cold-Injury Susceptibility -- Summary Comments -- COUNTERMEASURES TO DEHYDRATION -- AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 10 Muscle Metabolism and Shivering During Cold Stress -- INTRODUCTION -- CARBOHYDRATE AVAILABILITY AND COLD TOLERANCE -- FAT UTILIZATION AND SHIVERING -- THE PREFERRED FUEL -- AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 11 Macronutrient Requirements for Work in Cold Environments -- INTRODUCTION -- ENERGY BALANCE AND REQUIREMENT IN THE COLD -- Studies Showing Increased Requirements Using Energy Intake Data -- Studies Showing Minimal Effects of Cold Environments on Energy Requirement Determined by Energy Intake -- Underreporting of Energy Intakes -- Studies Measuring Energy Requirements Using Energy Expenditure Data -- Mechanism of Action of Effects of Cold on Metabolism -- OPTIMAL MACRONUTRIENT RATIO IN THE COLD -- AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 12 Cold Exposure, Appetite, and Energy Balance -- INTRODUCTION -- COMPONENTS OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE IN THE COLD -- Basal Metabolic Rate -- Thermogenic Effect of Feeding -- Thermogenic Effect of Cold -- Thermogenic Effect of Exercise -- MEASUREMENTS OF CALORIE INTAKE ON ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS -- APPETITE AND BODY WEIGHT GAIN IN ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS -- Palatability of Food -- Cold Temperature -- Season of the Year -- Emotional Factors -- Physical Activity -- AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES.; 13 Effects of Cold and Altitude on Vitamin and Mineral Requirements -- INTRODUCTION -- ESTIMATED ENERGY INTAKES -- FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS -- Vitamin A -- Functions -- Intake and Status -- Author's Recommendation -- Vitamin D -- Functions -- Intake and Status -- Author's Recommendation -- Vitamin E -- Author's Recommendation ; -- Vitamin K -- Functions -- Status and Intake -- Author's Recommendation -- WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS -- Thiamin -- Functions -- Intake and Status -- Author's Recommendation -- Niacin -- Functions -- Intake and Status -- Author's Recommendation -- Riboflavin -- Functions -- Intake and Status -- Author's Recommendation -- Vitamin B6 -- Functions -- Intake and Status -- Author's Recommendation -- Vitamin B12 -- Functions -- Intake and Status -- Author's Recommendation -- Pantothenic Acid -- Functions -- Intake and Status -- Author's Recommendation -- Biotin -- Functions -- Intake and Status -- Author's Recommendation -- Folic Acid -- Function -- Intake and Status -- Author's Recommendation -- Vitamin C -- Functions -- Intake and Status -- Author's Recommendation -- MINERALS -- Calcium -- Functions -- Intake and Status -- Author's Recommendation -- Phosphorus -- Functions -- Intake and Status -- Author's Recommendation -- Magnesium -- Functions -- Intake and Status -- Author's Recommendation -- Iron -- Functions -- Intake and Status -- Author's Recommendation -- Zinc and Copper -- Functions -- Intake and Status -- Author's Recommendation -- Other Trace Minerals -- Author's Recommendation -- AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 14 Micronutrient Deficiency States and Thermoregulation in the Cold -- INTRODUCTION -- THERMAL BALANCE -- IRON DEFICIENCY -- Anemia vs. Tissue Iron Deficiency -- Neurohormones -- Thyroid Hormones -- COPPER DEFICIENCY -- ZINC DEFICIENCY -- AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES.; 15 Drug-Induced Delay of Hypothermia.